SUGGESTING A COMPLETE MECHANICAL SYSTEM TO SORT HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES
Nahed K.
Ismail
Agric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI)
author
M. A.
Shatewy
Fac. of Agric. Eng., Al-Azhar Univ.
author
N. M.
El-Bialee
Agric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI)
author
text
article
2012
eng
This research aimed to suggest a complete mechanical system to sort household waste solid to maximize its utilization. The study carried out at four factories for recycling household solid wastes to compost at El-Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates during October 2010. The study was conducted through three stages i.e. sorting the household wastes manually, evaluating the sorting systems and suggesting a complete mechanical system for sorting household waste to minimize the refused amount of waste. From the results it can be concluded that; the manual sorting is benefit to sort the household solid wastes as quality sorting system (Zero wastes) but opposite in quantity (0.167 Mg.h.labor-1) that was found by using the mechanical system done in the factories (0.625 – 0.977 Mg.h.labor-1). The results explained that the two systems evaluated not enough to sort the all amount of the household wasted produced daily. Also the study cleared the re-sorted of organic mater and the wastes (refused) decreased the wastes values to 27.57 % in Beshla factory. For this reason must be suggestion the complete mechanical system consists of the adding units to the present factory to improve the waste sort quality and quantity.
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
2090-3685
3
v.
5
no.
2012
539
548
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_54330_619bf69f11b9d58815b8874db69c028b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2012.54330
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER AMOUNTS AND NITROGEN RATES ON OPTIMUM MAIZE YIELD AND NET RETURN UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTUM AT NORTHWEST DELTA, EGYPT
R. H.
Atia
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst. ARC, Giza, Egypt.
author
M. A.
Metwally
Agricultural Engineering Res. Inst. Giza, Egypt.
author
Gh. Sh.
El-Atawy
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst. ARC, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2012
eng
Two field experiments were carried out at Wady Elnatron, El-Behera Governorate, "Wady Elnatron located in the west desert near the Delta about 90 kilometers north west of Cairo", during 2008 and 2009 seasons to study the effect of irrigation water amounts and nitrogen rates on maize yield and the net return from these treatments under drip irrigation system. Split plot design was used with four replicates. The main plots were assigned by four irrigation water amounts (100 %, 90 %, 80 % and 70 %) of evapotranspiration (ETc). The sub-plots were randomly assigned by four nitrogen rates (zero, 50, 100 and 150 kg N fed.-1) as ammonium nitrate (ha = 2.4 fed.). The other recommended agriculture practices were done.
Four polynomial quadratic equations were established to show the following results:
1. The maximum and optimum N rates (Xm and Xopt) were increased by decreasing irrigation water amounts from 100% to 70% of ETc in the two seasons.
2. The maximum and optimum maize yields (Ym and Yopt) were decreased by decreasing irrigation water amounts from 100% to 70% of ETc in the two seasons.
3. The highest maximum yield (4.307 ton fed.-1), the highest total value of yield (6394.5 L.E fed.-1) and the highest return of N fertilizer (1744.5 LE fed.-1) were obtained with 100 % of ETc used in the two seasons.
4. The efficiencies of N rates (eX) were decreased by increasing N rates from N0 to N1, N2 and N3, respectively with different irrigation water amounts.
5. The relative efficiency (EX), the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer at optimum rate (eXopt) and the efficiency of soil nitrogen (eXs) were decreased as irrigation water amounts decreased.
6. The soil nitrogen content during plant growth (Xs) was decreased as irrigation water amounts decreased.
7. The contribution of soil N was decreased as irrigation water amounts decreased in the two seasons.
8. The contribution of N fertilizer was increased by increasing N levels in the two seasons.
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
2090-3685
3
v.
5
no.
2012
549
559
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_54326_d05020642f7ac0f0a181c72981889ed0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2012.54326
IMPACT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY ON YIELD AND CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN RICE.
E.S.
Naeem
Rice Research & Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 33717 Sakha – Kafr El- sheikh, Egypt.
author
Howida
El-Habet
Rice Research & Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 33717 Sakha – Kafr El- sheikh, Egypt.
author
I. M.
El Rewainy
Rice Research & Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 33717 Sakha – Kafr El- sheikh, Egypt.
author
R. A.
El Namaky
Rice Research & Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 33717 Sakha – Kafr El- sheikh, Egypt.
author
text
article
2012
eng
The available water resources in Egypt are limited so; the concept of low-quality irrigation water in such location is dramatically and caused pollution by heavy metals in soils and plants. More solutions have to use to face the problem of using wastewater. The present field experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011 summer seasons at farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt to, investigate the effect of water quality during nursery period on production of rice cultivars; Giza177 (V1) and Giza178 (V2) irrigated with drainage water (DW), agronomic traits, as well as concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and Ni (nickel) in rice grains and straw. Two nurseries were performed for each cultivar; the first nursery was irrigated by fresh water (FW) and the second nursery by drainage water (DW). Seedlings from each cultivar (30 days) transplanted under two levels of urea 0 kg N/fed (T1) and 69 kg N/fed that recommended for their cultivars (T2) then irrigated with DW two weeks before harvest. The results revealed that among the eight treatments, DwV2T2 (Drainage water + Giza178 + recommended of N fertilizers) gave the highest values of chlorophyll content in flag leaf, number of tiller, number of panicle, grains and straw yields (t/fed). Moreover, concentrations of studied heavy metals were higher in rice straw than in grains in both rice cultivars for all water quality treatments. The Cd and Ni concentrations in rice grains exceeded the permissible limits according to World Health Organization (WHO, 1992) at DWV1T1 (Drainage water + Giza177 + untreated control) and DWV1T2 (Drainage water + Giza178 + recommended dose of fertilizers) treatments. Pb concentration exceeded safety limits at DwV1T2 (Drainage water + Giza177 + recommended dose of fertilizers) in both seasons. However concentration of these metals in grains of Giza178 rice cultivar didn’t exceed permissible limits with all treatments in both seasons. The obtained results also, showed that utilization of fresh water during nursery period for both rice cultivars; Giza 177 and Giza178 led to decrease the concentrations of studied heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Ni) in grains.
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
2090-3685
3
v.
5
no.
2012
561
574
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_54327_ef8853827da54487b0b59233a70d7e5c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2012.54327
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JOJOBA SEEDS
A. M.
Matouk,
Agric. Eng., Dept. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ., Egypt.
author
M. M.
El-Kholy
Handling and processing of Agric. Crops Dept. Agric. Eng. Res. Institute.
author
A.
Tharwat
Agric. Eng., Dept. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ., Egypt.
author
M. E.
El-Menshawy
Agric. Eng., Dept. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ., Egypt.
author
text
article
2012
eng
A study was carried out to measure some of the most important physical and mechanical properties of freshly harvested jojoba seeds at initial moisture content of about 7 % ±1 (d.b).The studied physical properties included principal dimensions of jojoba seeds (length, width and thickness), geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, shape index, seed volume, frontal area, arithmetic cross sectional area, surface area, surrounded surface area, sphericity, mass of 100 seeds, porosity, real density and bulk density (at loose and vibrated fill) . While the mechanical properties included, repose angle, seed hardness, shear force, crushing force and porosity of seeds. The obtained results showed that, the principal dimensions of jojoba seeds including length, width and thickness recorded values of (16.95, 13.13 and 11.78 mm) respectively. It was also recorded a volume of 1374.62 mm3, geometric diameter of 13.74 mm, arithmetic diameter of 13.95 mm, frontal area of 174.80 mm2 and a sphericity of 81.19 % . The real density of jojoba seeds was 976.86 kg/m3. While, the bulk density recorded value of 602.10 and 630.33 kg/m3 under loosely and vibrated fill conditions respectively. The repose angle of jojoba seeds recorded a value of 29o, seed hardness of 153.19 N, shear force of 111.78 N at the longitudinal axis and 207.45 N at the transverse axis. The crushing forces of seeds were 302.95 and 295.25 N at the longitudinal and the transverse axis respectively. While, the recorded average of porosity was about 44.88 %. Mass of hundred seeds ranged from (99.15 to 109.20 g) with on average of 103.79 g.
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
2090-3685
3
v.
5
no.
2012
575
586
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_54334_97b5e3c94646be99974a7673da6d09c3.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2012.54334
SAVING IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVING WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN RICE CULTIVATION BY INDUCING NEW PLANTING METHOD IN NORTH NILE DELT, EGYPT
Gh. Sh.
El-Atawy
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2012
eng
Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The site is allocated at 310-07' N Latitude, 300-57'E Longitude with an elevation of about 6 metres above mean sea level, during the two successive seasons of 2009 and 2010. The rice cultivar was Sakha 104. The experiment was designed as a split split-plot design with four replicates. The main plots were randomly occupied by two nitrogen resources urea (F1) and gaseous ammonia (F2). While two planting methods treatments; traditional transplanting in flooded soil (M1) and Transplanting in beds (M2) were assigned to sub-plots and three irrigation depths 9, 7 and 5 cm for d1, d2 and d3, respectively.
Results showed that both submerged depth of 9 and 7 cm significantly increased plant height, number of tillers/m2,panicle weight and 1000 grain weight compared to submerged depth of 5 cm, there were no significant differences between submerged depth of 9 and 7 cm . Planting in bottom of beds significantly increased grain yield, number of tillers/hill, number of panicles/hill, panicle length, plant height, Panicle weight and 1000 grains weight by 3.45%, 6.2%, 6.7%, 19.9%, 4.9 %,0.58% and 1.6%, respectively compared with traditional planting method. There were no significant differences in grain yield between nitrogen resources, urea and gaseous ammonia. Average amounts of the applied irrigation water were 13933, and 10997 m3/ha. for traditional planting and planting in bottom of beds respectively, i.e. method of planting in bottom of bed saved about 21% of the irrigation water applied. Productivity of irrigation water was increased significantly by 58%.
Therefore, method of planting in bottom of beds could be applied for the rice in North Delta Egypt, it enhanced WP by 67.1% and saved water by 21% without significant reduction in its yield, compared with traditional planting.
Abbreviations: Productivity of irrigation water (PIW), irrigation water applied (IWA), grain yield (GY), Straw yield (SY), nitrogen resources (F) Planting method (M), and depth of irrigation water (d).
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
2090-3685
3
v.
5
no.
2012
587
599
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_54331_eb952708dcf0717e66b6f75258424006.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2012.54331