@article { author = {Ibrahim, M. and El-Hadidi, E. and Saied, M. and El - Mansoury, Mona}, title = {IRRIGATION SCHEDULING OF SUNFLOWER AND SOME RELATIONS UNDER SURFACE IRRIGATION IN NORTH NILE DELTA}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {589-596}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90255}, abstract = {The present study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Governorate during the two successive seasons 2006 and 2007 to investigate the effect of three irrigation intervals i.e. one, two and three weeks on the productivity and some water relations of sunflower. A slit plot design with three replicates was used. The main plots were assigned to the irrigation intervals, while the sub-plot were devoted to irrigation levels i.e. irrigation till field capacity plus 10%. In addition, three other levels based on Ibrahim, Hargareves and FAO Peman-Monteith equations. Results could be summarized as follows:                 Irrigation every 7 days significantly increased stem and head diameter, the weight of 100 seed, oil content and seed yield. Irrigation according to Ibrahim equation was superior in stem and head diameter, oil content and seed yield. Irrigation every one week according to Ibrahim equation was resulted in the highest seed yield of s1348.53 kg/fed. (mean of 2 season).}, keywords = {Sunflower,Irrigation intervals,water applied and water efficiencies}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90255.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90255_835bb97cf6bd7501fa95d45dec36e09b.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbas, H. and Abd El-Hameed, A. and Nofal, E. and Abd El-Aziz, S. and Abd El-Aziz, M.}, title = {INDUCED EFFECT OF CATTLE WASTE COMBINED WITH ELEMENTAL SULPHUR, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON WHEAT SUCCEEDED BY MAIZE GROWN ON A CALCAREOUS SOIL}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {597-610}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90257}, abstract = {The objective of the current investigation was to study both the direct and residual effects of cattle waste manure, elemental sulphur at different rates, nitrogen in different forms and phosphate at different rates on growth parameters and yields of both grains and straw of wheat succeeded by maize grown on a calcareous soil. To fulfill this objective, two field experiments were conducted on El-Noubaria calcareous soil (CaCO3>34%). In the first experiment, cattle waste was applied at a rate of 12 ton fed-1 with elemental sulphur at a rate of 0, 50 or 100% of its recommended dose 100 kg fed-1, N in the form of urea, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate at a rate of 120 kg fed-1 and P at a rate of 0, 50 or 100% of its recommended P dose, 150 kg fed-1. The experimental plots were distributed in a split-split design. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Giza 163) was cultivated within the first half of November 2005 then harvested in May 2006. The second experiment was conducted to study the residual effect of the aforementioned treatments on maize (Zea maize L., single hybrid 10) cultivated at the same experimental plots in the second half of April 2006 and harvested at the end of August.  Results revealed that both plant height and weight of 100 grains positively responded to application of the cattle waste (CW), elemental S, N and P especially at the recommended doses of S, the highest applied rate of P and ammonium sulphate fertilizer as a N source. Both the grain and straw yields as well as the biological yield were affected obviously by rate of the applied sulphur, form of the applied nitrogen and rate of the applied phosphorus. The higher the rate of the applied sulphur, the higher the grain, straw and biological yields were obtained. The nitrogen applied in the form of ammonium sulphate was of a superior effect on yield components. Application of phosphorus was more pronounced by increasing rate of the applied phosphate. Sulphur application could result in increases in nitrogen uptake values by grains and straw of both the investigated plants. Application of N, regardless of its applied form resulted in higher N-uptake values by grains and straw of both the studied plants as compared with the corresponding N-uptake values attained in control treatments which did not receive N-fertilizer. The highest values of N uptake by both grains and straw of both the investigated plants were attained due to application of N as ammonium sulphate. Application of sulphur enhanced availability of P and hence its uptake. The applied N forms could be arranged according to their effect on increasing P uptake values in the following descending sequence ammonium sulphate> ammonium nitrate> urea. Moreover, application of phosphate was noticed to be associated with corresponding increases in its uptake values by grains and straw. Values of K uptake were in direct proportion to rate of the applied sulphur. K-uptake values by both wheat and maize plants showed almost similar trends to those of N and P. This observation hold true for both grains and straw of the cultivated plants. The ammonium sulphate form resulted in the highest K-uptake values whereas urea fertilizer was associated generally with the lowest K-uptake values. It is of importance also to indicate that the beneficial effects of the used fertilization treatments extended to the maize plants which were cultivated succeeding wheat in the same soil.}, keywords = {Calcareous soil,cattle waste,sulphur,nitrogen,phosphorus}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90257.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90257_05390552b6f120d9ef7f20bd33dd57d3.pdf} } @article { author = {Eskander, S. and Noor, H.}, title = {ADJUSTABLE ELECTRONIC CHARGING SYSTEM FOR LEAD ACID BATTERIES SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURAL equipment IN REMOTE AREAS}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {611-628}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90259}, abstract = {This paper illustrates a full design of charge controller regulate the charge of 155 Ahr,12V lead acid battery. This battery has wide applications especially with agricultural equipments such as tractors, scrapers, loaders.........etc. In agricultural remote areas in Egypt, battery play important role in agricultural environment. This due to that, the batteries are a source of electrical energy in all modern agricultural equipments. Consequently, the regulation of its charge becomes very important due to increase the equipment performance reliability. The paper presents all design steps of the whole circuits of proposed battery charger controller. The battery is charged from solar cell array. This type of charge system is very suitable for the previous agricultural remote areas. The designed charge controller may be used with different charge system rather than solar cells array. The paper presents also the test of all controller elements in the operating field.            }, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90259.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90259_5d243cad87207ff3f8b6d36c4da1d1c7.pdf} } @article { author = {Hammad, S. and Ghanem, S. and Naeem, E. and El-habet, Howida}, title = {EFFICACY OF FARMYARD MANURE IN INTEGRATION WITH UREA IN RICE PRODUCTION AND THEIR RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {629-633}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90260}, abstract = {A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research and Training Center farm Kafr El-Sheikh during summer season 2007 to study the influence of farmyard manure (FYM) with different rates of urea and their combinations on both rice yield and its attributes of ٍٍGiza178 rice variety and soil organic matter. The obtained data showed that the increase in yield was a maximum with 9 tons FYM plus 150 kg urea.fed-1, while the minimum was with the control. The combination of urea plus FYM gave higher yield than either urea or FYM alone. Data showed significant increase in number of panicles hill-1 as fertilizer level increase from 0 kg N to 9 ton FYM plus 150 kg urea.fed-1. Results showed that, there were insignificant differences in panicle length among all treatments except the control. Data showed also that there was an increase in organic matter in all treatments which treated with FYM compared to the other treatments.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90260.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90260_fdb5a55053831c91ed99a4a0bad76c6c.pdf} } @article { author = {Hammad, S. and Ghanem, S. and Naeem, E. and El-habet, Howida}, title = {IMPACT OF FARMYARD MANURE ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN FLOODED RICE SOILS IRRIGATED WITH DRAINAGE WATER}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {635-641}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90261}, abstract = {A field experiment was conducted in summer season 2007 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center farm Kafr El-Sheikh to study the impact of FYM and urea and their combination with using drainage water for irrigation on availability of some heavy metals such as Lead(Pb), nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd). Results indicated that the highest values of available pb+2, Ni+2, Cd+2 were found with the combination of 150 kg urea plus the rate of 9 ton FYM.Fed-1. Data indicated that ,the lowest values of available Cd2+,Ni2+ and pb2+in soil were found at flowering stage compared with the other stages at all treatments. The results of simple correlation coefficient ( r )between organic matter ( OM) ( y ) and each of available Pb+2 (X1), available Ni+2 ( X2) and available Cd+2 (X3 ) at harvest stages  showed the character most closely associated with organic matter was the available Pb+2 (X1 ) (R= 0.9) . Multiple linear regressions showed that the prediction equation for organic matter was formulated as follows: Y = -0.8+ 0.224 X1 + 0.301X2 + 2.62 X3}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90261.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90261_db4dbe442499ac12928d89ac12abfe50.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbas, H. and Abd El-Aziz, S. and Nofal, E. and Abd El-Hameed, A. and Abd El-Aziz, M.}, title = {AMELIORATION EFFECT OF CATTLE WASTE MANURE ASSOCIATED WITH SULPHUR, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FERTILITY OF A CALCAREOUS SOIL}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {643-657}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90263}, abstract = {This work aimed to study both the direct and residual effects of cattle waste manure, elemental sulphur at different rates, nitrogen in different forms and phosphate at different rates on some soil chemical properties as well as the availability of macronutrients in a calcareous soil. To fulfill this objective, a field trail was conducted on El-Noubaria calcareous soil (CaCO3>34%). Cattle waste manure was applied at a rate of 12 ton fed-1 with elemental sulphur at a rate of 0, 50 or 100% of its recommended dose, N in the form of urea, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate at a rate of 120 kg fed-1 and P at a rate of 0, 50 or 100% of its recommended dose. The experimental plots were distributed statistically in a split-split design. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Giza 163) was cultivated within the first half of November 2005 then harvested in May 2006 and succeeded by maize (Zea maize L., single hybrid 10) to study the residual effect of the aforementioned treatments at the same experimental plots. Results revealed that applied elemental sulphur slightly increased soil salinity (EC) and soluble HCO3-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ and inversely affected the soluble Cl-, soil pH, SAR and ESP.. Application of nitrogen in the urea form resulted in the lowest EC, highest soil pH, HCO3- and Cl- contents while SO4=, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ ions were slightly increased upon the application in ammonium sulphate. Application of ammonium sulphate was associated with higher values of the organic matter and CaCO3 contents than the other studied nitrogen fertilizers. Increasing application of phosphorus rate was associated with increasing soluble SO42- and decreasing soluble Ca2+ contents in the studied soils. Moreover, increasing rate of the applied phosphorus seemed not to be of pronounced effect on concentrations of soluble Mg2+, Na+ and K+, however, it showed slight decreases in soil pH, SAR, ESP and CaCO3 content. The organic matter content increased with increasing rate of the applied phosphorus. The availability of macronutrients i.e. N, P and K increased and more obvious by increasing rate of the applied sulphur, ammonium sulphate form and phosphorus application rates. It could be concluded that effects of cattle waste manure associated with a recommended dose  of sulphur (100 kg S/fed), ammonium sulphate as a nitrogenous fertilizer form and 150 kg P2O5/fed, may lead us to overcome a shortage of organic matter and the availability of essential nutrients dominated in the newly reclaimed soils especially the calcareous ones.}, keywords = {Calcareous soil,cattle waste,sulphur,nitrogen,phosphorus}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90263.html}, eprint = {} } @article { author = {El-Tantawy, I. and El-Ghamry, A. and Habib, A.}, title = {EFFECT OF CHICKEN MANURE AND MANURE COMPOST TEA ON POTATO YIELD AND SOIL FERTILITY.}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {659-668}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90265}, abstract = {To evaluate the effect of chicken compost and compost tea on vegetative growth, yield components and chemical composition of potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Spunta grown on a clayey soil and then study the effect of aforementioned factors on soil quality during the successive season of 2004/2005 winter a field experiment was performed out in Monshat El-Badawi Village, Talkha District, Dakahlia Governorate (North Nile delta region). Five treatments were arranged in a complete randomize block with three replicates, Four application methods (ore compost, sediment, sediment and extract combination and compost tea). Compost tea, foliar significantly increased dry shoot yield and fresh tuber yield. Also, application of compost tea increased dry matter (as %), crud protein (as %) and specific gravity of tubers in both seasons. As so, sediment and extract combination addition increased dry matter (as %) in tubers, and crud protein (as %) significantly. The addition of chicken manure into the soil increased both of total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. In spite of the highest values for all studied parameters under investigation were realized due to the compost tea treatment.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90265.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90265_4a506ff5710a9500428a544c3e6eed4e.pdf} } @article { author = {El-Tantawy, I. and El-Ghamry, A. and Habib, A.}, title = {IMPACT OF FARMYARD MANURE AND MANURE COMPOST TEA ON POTATO YIELD AND SOIL FERTILITY.}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {669-678}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90266}, abstract = {A field experiment was conducted during the successive season of 2004/2005 winter in using clayey soil at Monshat El-Badawi Village, Talkha District, Dakahlia Governorate (North Nile delta region), to investigate the ability of applying farmyard compost and its compost tea on potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Spunta and economic return for each treatments. Five treatments were arranged in a complete randomize block with three replicates, Four application methods (ore compost, sediment, sediment and extract combination and compost tea). Compost tea, foliar significantly increased dry shoot yield and fresh tuber yield in both seasons. Also, application of compost tea increased dry matter (as %), crud protein (as %) and specific gravity of tubers in both seasons. As so, sediment and extract combination addition increased dry matter (as %) in tubers, and crud protein (as %) significantly in both season.. The addition of farmyard manure into the soil increased both of total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. In spite of the highest values for all studied parameters under investigation were realized due to the compost tea treatment.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90266.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90266_64150ed2d85e6d135189799d11f2b7f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahmou, A. and El-Shaer, A. and Ismail, I. A.}, title = {PERFORMANCE OF SOME CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND NEEM OIL IN CONTROLLING WHITE STEM ROT AND IMPROVING CHICKPEA PRODUCTIVITY}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {679-701}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90267}, abstract = {Laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments were preformed to evaluate the antifungal activity of cobalt sulphate, salicylic acid, ethephone, dipotassium phosphate, ascorbic acid and neem oil at three concentrations for each against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum growth and sclerotial formation on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and to verify its positive efficacy as defence activators (elicitors) in chickpea seedling and plants against damping-off and white stem rot disease. Also, efficacy of the five elicitors and neem oil in improving some growth parameters, protein, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus contents of seed was determined. 1-Neem oil (2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 ml L-1) and salicylic acid at higher concentration (7.5 mM) significantly reduced the fungal growth and number of sclerotial formation in vitro. Reduction was always increased by increasing concentration of neem oil. 2-Soaking seeds in each one of the five elicitors or the neem oil tested, except ethephone, decreased seedling damping-off  pre- (in most cases) or post-emergence and increased survivals. The most effective inducers, however, were cobalt sulphate (1 mg L-1), salicylic acid (7.5 mM), neem oil (5 ml L-1), dipotassium phosphate (5 mM) and ascorbic acid (10 mM). While, ethephone treatment was the least effective. In the field experiments, white stem rot disease incidence was significantly minimized with all tessted treatments tested in both seasons, except ethephone. The highest reduction in the disease incidence was recorded with neem oil, followed by dipotassium phosphate and cobalt sulphate. 3- Giza 2 cv. was the highest susceptible to infection under greenhouse and field conditions. While, Giza195 and Giza 531 cvs. were the least. 4- Results of the field experiments indicated that application of all treatments, except ethephone, resulted in a significant improve in crop parameters of chickpea cultivars compared with the untreated control. Dipotassium phosphate recorded the highest number of tillers, weight of seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant, and seed yield / feddan. 5- Giza 1 cultivar had the higher value of seed yield/fed. In the 1st season, whereas Giza195 cultivar in the 2nd season. 6- Giza 195 seeds had the higher crude protein content in the 1st season, while Giza 531 showed the higher protein content in the 2nd season. 7- Giza1 seeds had the higher content in phosphorus and potassium in the two  seasons. 8- Ethephone exhibited the highest reduction in plant height, 100-seed weight, seed yield per feddan and N,P and K content in seeds.. 9- Dipotassium phosphate and neem oil treatments were superior than the other in increasing values of seed yield/fed., nitrogen, protein, phosphorus,  potassium contents in Giza1, and Giza 195 cvs., while the lowest of them was detected in Giza2.}, keywords = {Chickpea cultivars - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - stem rot - Inducers,nitrogen,Protein content,Phosphorus and Potassium}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90267.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90267_24bde469af550b4ce12a66110c5a62b4.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahmou, A. and Abd El-Kader, N. and Mahmoud, E.}, title = {RESPONSE OF LENTIL PLANTS TO MICRONUTRIENT FOLIAR APPLICATION IN SILT CLAY LOAM SOIL}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {703-712}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90268}, abstract = {    Micronutrients foliar application is much better than soil application to avoid not only nutrients fixation in the soil, but also leaching during irrigation. Two field experiments were carried out at El-Gimmiza Agricultural Research Station during the two successive growing seasons of 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 to study the effect of foliar application of the micronutrients(Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in a mixture on yield, yield components and seed chemical composition of lentil plant (lens Culinaris. Medic). The foliar treatments applied were: T1 ( 0.0 micronutrients), T2 (0.5 g/L micronutrients), T3 (1.0 g/L micronutrients) and T4 (2 g/L micronutrients).The obtained results revealed that spraying micronutrientsat rate 0.5 g/L (T2) increased yield and yield components such as: plant height (3.1%), number of branches (7.8%), number of pods/plant (15.9%), seed yield/plant  (30.8%), 1000-seed weight (9.4%) and seed yield (10.2%)as well as seed contents of protein (9%), K (31.1%), Fe (21.4%), Zn (12.3%), Cu (8%) and Mn (13.6%)compared with the control (T1 ).  The application of micronutrients at rate 0.5 g/L (T2) caused significant increase in yield and yield components compared with other treatments. Meanwhile T4 (2g/L) gave significant decreases in most studied traits compared to T2. Also, the highest values were recorded with variety of Giza 4 than Sina 1 in all treatments during the two growing seasons.}, keywords = {Lentil plants,Micronutrients Foliar,clay soil}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90268.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90268_dda28378200c1560f9e0a533bce256b3.pdf} } @article { author = {Lotfy, A. and Abdel-Galil, M. and Atallh, Mervat}, title = {APPROPRIATE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE ROTARY-CUTTER FOR SHREDDING SUNFLOWER STALK RESIDUES}, journal = {Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {713-725}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {2090-3685}, eissn = {2090-3766}, doi = {10.21608/jssae.2009.90269}, abstract = {The optimum Kinematics parameter value (K) as the ratio of rotary-cutter peripheral velocity to tractor forward speed, and the suitable stalk moisture content levels (MC %) were determined for the appropriate cutting and shredding sunflower stalk residues. The combined effects of five different levels of parameter (K) and three stalk moisture content levels on the shredder performance were investigated. The shredding performance of rotary-cutter was indicated in terms of stalks cutting length, the stalk height left after shredding, and field efficiencies. Moreover, machine energy consumed, and operating cost were also estimated. The obtained results showed the following important points:- -  The optimum kinematics parameter (K) level was 63.5, while the appropriate stalk moisture contents (MC %) was 13.8%.  Whereas each of the resulted stalk cut length, and stalk height left after shredding were minimum. In addition, cutting, shredding, and field efficiencies were found to be higher at these parameter levels. -  The Kinematics parameter of 63.5, 31.6 and 17.2 were accomplished small, middle and large average cutting length of about 7.0.14.2, and 22.0 cm respectively. The corresponding, average stalk height left after shredding were 9.4, 12.7.and 21.0 cm respectively. -  The computed field efficiency was ranged from 74.15 to 88.62% depending on reducing stalk moisture from 18.2 to 13.8%. While the obtained field efficiency was ranged from 83.88. to 93.79.62% depending on increasing kinematics parameter values from 17.2 to 63.5. As, the stalk moisture content was reduced from the upper to the lower level, the equivalent fuel consumed power was reduced from 37.8 to 30.0 kW, versus cutting energy consumption from 37.1 to 27.9 kW.h/fed. Using the rotary-cutter shredder for shredding sunflower stalks could saved 60: 85 % from the shredding operation cost, compared with manual shredding.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90269.html}, eprint = {https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90269_9e1af3a8a80fb914dea6e2a3e0200e3a.pdf} }