ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Manufacturing an Integrated Hammer Mill Unit for Grinding Rice Straw Intended for Multiple Applications
A rice straw milling unit manufactured in local workshop and the experimental evaluation was carried out in rice straw assembly station. The obtained result data indicated that the manufactured rice straw unit created solutions for all the problems faced the regular hammer mill machines in dealing with rice straw. The operation parameters under investigation and evaluation were air suction velocity of (1.97, 3.61, 5.37 and 6.91m/s), Number of hammers (54, 81 and 108 hammers) and Hammers thickness (2 and 5mm).The obtained results were for production the very low milled rice straw particle size applications such as MDF, papers making, silica jell and ethanol production must use air suction velocity of 5.37 m/s with number of hammers of 108 hammers with hammer thickness of 2mm. As this operation parameters obtained the following results 1.17 Mg/h main production rate in first cyclone, 43.95 kg/h, very fine product (straw dust) in second cyclone , 29.17 kW.h/Mg specific energy (SE), 153.63kg/m3 milled straw bulk density,0.43% losses in machine chamber, 1.93%losses with air blower output and particle size distribution percentage of 36.41% , 25.97% and 9.33% for particle size of (<2.00->1.00mm), (<1.00->0.60mm) and (<0.60mm) respectively. The results showed also for milling the rice straw as raw material for animal feed pellets or bio fuel as thermal energy better use air suction speed of 5.37m/s , 54 hammers number with 2mm hammer thickness, this operation parameters obtained the following results 0.83 Mg/h main production rate in first cyclone, 32.45 kg/h very fine product (straw dust) in second cyclone , 32.18kW.h/Mg specific energy (SE),112.29kg/m3 milled straw bulk density,5.94% losses in machine chamber, 1.23 %losses with air blower output and particle size distribution percentage of 32.43% ,37.07% for particle size of (<3.75- >2.80mm) and (<2.80- >2.00 mm) respectively.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_48305_c3abbcb03bb12bdad744a76e6745e77f.pdf
2019-06-01
325
335
10.21608/jssae.2019.48305
Rice straw- hammer mill- drum-air suction velocity- hammers number
hammer thickness and straw particle size
O.
Kaddour
1
Engineering Sciences Department –Faculty of Fish Resources - Suez University
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of Bio-Stimulates and some Different Nitrogen Sources on Maize and Wheat Productivity in Calcareous Soil
Maintaining soil fertility and the use of plant nutrients in sufficient and balanced amounts is one of the key factors for increasing crop yield and decreasing adverse environmental effects and pollutions arising from nonpoint fertilizer usage. Two field experiments were conducted during the summer and winter seasons at experiment at station of EL-Nubaria area El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different rates and forms of nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., ammonium sulphate (20.6% N), ammonium nitrate (33.5% N), and Enciabien, 40% N (slow-release) with or without inoculation by (plant growth promoting rhizobactteria) (PGPR) on yield and nutrients concentrations of maize and wheat plants as well as soil fertility of calcareous soil and enzyme activity. Three sources of nitrogen fertilizer were applied as hand broadcast on the soil surface at three rates (50, 75 and 100 %) from recommended doses of minerals nitrogen (60, 90 and 120) and (40, 60 and 80) Kg N for maize and wheat plants. The obtained results showed that there were significant effects on grain and straw yields, as well as nutrients concentrations of both maize and wheat plants due to N sources and rates. In general, Enciabien gave higher grain and straw yields in both maize and wheat crops than ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. Data indicated that rate (100%) from recommended doses increased significantly yield and nutrients concentrations than other N doses. The present results focused highlight on the practical importance of adequate N fertilization and different rates of N source on (grain and stover) yields and (grain and straw) yields in maize and wheat crops and suggest that Enciabien application at (100%) N from recommended doses will be about adequate to meet crop N requirements. The obtained results indicated that the concentration of N, P and K in (grain and stover); (grain and straw) of maize and wheat plants were clearly significantly higher under the application of Enciabien fertilizer followed by ammonium sulphate and lately ammonium nitrate. On the other hand, plants received Enciabein at rate of (100%) N from recommended doses showed significantly effect on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentration than those received ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the same rate. The residual nitrogen in the soil was significantly increased with application of nitrogen fertilizer. It was noted that plots that received (100%) N from recommended doses significantly retained more nitrogen and was higher by 12.3 and 5.9%, respectively than application rates of (50% and 75%) N from recommended doses. It is worthy to notice that ammonium sulphate yielded the highest values of soil available nitrogen than ammonium nitrate and Enciabein. But, the residual phosphorus and potassium in the soil were significantly decreased with increased application rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that the use of ammonium sulphate surpassed the ammonium nitrate and Enciabein in increasing soil available phosphorus and potassium. The available concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil significantly increased with different N rates application. While the application of ammonium sulphate fertilization caused higher relative increase in available concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu compared to ammonium nitrate or Enciabein. Inoculation with PGPRcausedrelative increase for grain and stover yield of maize which recorded 3.93 and 0.97% for grain and 4.9 and 1.7% for straw yield of wheat. The available macro and micro-nutrients in soil after harvesting both maize and wheat crops were increased with PGPR inoculation.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_48306_ded5efa09a0061bb664b29bb22f6e55b.pdf
2019-06-01
337
349
10.21608/jssae.2019.48306
nitrogen
source
rate
PGPR inoculation
Maize
Wheat
A.
Sherif
1
Soils, Water and Environ. Rese. Inst. (Agric. Res Center) Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
K.
El-Hedek
2
Soils, Water and Environ. Rese. Inst. (Agric. Res Center) Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Sh.
Abdelgwad
3
Soils, Water and Environ. Rese. Inst. (Agric. Res Center) Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Response of Wheat Plants Grown in Heavy Clay Soil to Salinity Stress and Additions of Silicon
A pot experiment was conducted on a heavy clay soil to evaluate growth performance of wheat plant to silicon additions under saline conditions. Plants were grown in pots filled with normal soil (EC=0.71 dSm-1) and irrigated with saline water (EC=4.8 dSm-1). The experiment was set up in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and three replicates. The treatments included two soil additions (S1 biochar and S2 - Silica-solubilizing bacteria) while, S3 and S4 treatments were applied as foliar applications (S3 was marine algae and S4 was potassium silicate), in addition to the control treatment (without any additions). The obtained results showed that silicon treatments by either soil additions or foliar applications could alleviate the hazard salinity stress. There were also, best noticeable exchanges in reducing both soil EC and pH and increasing both soil organic matter and storage of some available nutrients. The increments influences reflected on increasing the fresh weight and accordingly increasing the dry matter production of straw and grain yield of wheat plants. Furthermore, the percent increase in sodium concentration due to salinity was significantly reduced in plants receiving Si applications. Straw Si concentration significantly correlated positively with Straw K concentration (r=0.96) and negatively with shoot Na concentration (r=0.43). Based on these results, increased the potassium concentration and reduced uptake or translocation of sodium may be one of the possible mechanisms of increased salinity tolerance by Si application in wheat plant.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_48308_373d8be2e3eb2e353241484648bd6f50.pdf
2019-06-01
351
354
10.21608/jssae.2019.48308
Silicon additions
Wheat plant – saline water
heavy clay soil
Agricultural drainage water
Enas
Soliman
1
Soils Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Sahar
El Desouky
2
Soils Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt.
AUTHOR
M.
El-Shazly
3
Agriculture Researsh Center - Soil Water and Environmental Res. Institute
AUTHOR
S.
Hammad
4
Soils Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Feasibility of Sub-Soiling, Mole Drain and Suger Beet Compost Applications to Improve Soil Properties and Production of Sorghum and Barley at Nubaria Area
The current work was conducted in two successive seasons (summer season-2015and winter season-2015/2016) where sorghum and barley ware planted in summer and winter season at the farm of Nubaria Agriculture Research Station (Calcareous soil), Behera Governorate to study improving some soil properties by leaching process and application of compost under mole drain and sub-soiling. At summer season where starting leaching process and cultivating sorghum plant, the obtained results revealed that the reduction in soil salinity through the leaching period (four irrigation gifts each of them was 400 m3/fed. ,the interval between them was 15 days) at the sub-soiling area were 38.88% and 35.24% for 0-30, 30-60 cm soil depths, respectively. While, at mole drain treatment area, they were 41.84% and 41.76% for the same depths. The reductions in soil salinity through sorghum cultivation periods for the same depths at sub-soiling treatment area were 35.34% and 42.43% for 0-30, 30-60 cm depths, respectively and they were 27.32% and 25.59% for the same depths at the mole drain treatment.The total amounts of salts leached from top 60 cm of sub-soiling and mole drain treatments through leached periods were 3532.1 and 4025.8 kg/fed., respectively. While they were 2340.2 and 1483.1 kg/fed. during sorghum cultivation season for the two treatments, respectively. The results indicated also that, sub-soiling and mole drain treatments under open surface drainage lowered the water table level, but sub-soiling seemed to be more effective on lowering the water table level in soil. Sorghum green yields at area treated by sub-soiling varied from 9.76 to 12.83 ton/fed. with an average of 10.97 ton/fed., while they varied from 8.46 to 10.14 with an average 9.25 ton /fed. at other area, (treated by mole drain).At winter season where the effect of applying sugar beet compost on soil properties and barley (C.V. Giza 123) yield was studied, the obtained results indicated that ECe increased from 4.3 to 4.6 dSm-1 ,this increase was 6.5% for both areas in the surface layer (0-30) cm, while at the (30-60) cm depth the data showed that there were little differences in ECe under treated soils. The mean values of total porosity at the sub-soiling area increased from 4.8 to 5.07% for (0-30) and (30-60) cm depth , respectively, while at mole drain treatment the increase was 5.1 and 3.19% for the same above-mentioned depths, respectively. On the other hand, the mean values of bulk density (Pb) showed little decrease 1.57 and 0.78 % at (0-30) and (30-60) cm soil depth, respectively for both treated areas with application 3.0 Ton/fed. compost at both areas under study.The mean values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) at the area treated by sub-soiling increased as a result of application compost from 1.39 to1.53 cm/h (9.15% increase) and from 1.33 to 1.5 cm/h (11.33% increase) at (0-30) and (30-60) cm depths, respectively. On the other hand, they increased from 1.38 to 1.44 cm/h (4.17%) and 1.33 to 1.46 cm/h (8.9%) at mole drain treatment. The mean values of the relative increase in barely grain yield which obtained at rate 3 ton/fed. for sub-soiling and mole treatments, the increasing percentages were about 12.66% and15.69 %, respectively. On the other hand, the mean values of the relative increase in straw yield were 10.53 % and 17.85 % for both treatments, respectively.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_48309_3ca931fd228cb54212c4c2ff86705ebb.pdf
2019-06-01
355
362
10.21608/jssae.2019.48309
Soil improvement
mole drain
leaching process
soil properties
compost
Sorghum
barely
Mona
Abdel-Razek
dmonakamal@gmail.com
1
Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Response of Rhizobium-Faba Bean Symbiosis System to Rhizobacterial Inoculation and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under Graded Levels of Natural Rock Phosphate in Sandy Soil
Two field trials were conducted during two winter growing seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018, using drip irrigation system. The target of this study was to evaluate the response of Rhizobium-faba bean symbiosis system to rhizobacterial inoculation (Serratia marcescens and Bacillus megaterium) and AM-fungi under graded levels of natural rock phosphate (15,30 and 45 kg P2O5/fed).The experimental design was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The number and dry weight of nodules, N2-ase activity, plant height, dry weight of shoot and their contents of N, P and K ,the number of pods plant-1 and the number of seeds pod-1as well as 100-seed weight, the biological yield, seed yield and seed crude protein percentage were evaluated. The study was also concerned with the impacts of such microbial inocula and rock phosphate on dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in soil rhizosphere. The obtained results elicited that the uninoculated plants were poorly nodulated. While, inoculating faba bean seeds with efficient Rhizobium exerted great improvement in nodulation status and N2-ase activity. The microbiological properties of rhizosphere soil, which expressed by dehydrogenase enzyme activity and the activity of phosphatases displayed higher response to applied biofertilizers. In fact, the splendid effect was observed with the use of inoculation approach (mixture of Rhizobium, Serratia, Bacillus and AM-fungi), which caused promotive impression in nodulation, the activity of rhizosphere soil enzymes, plant growth aspects and all faba bean yield charactersin relative to other combinations or plants inoculated with Rhizobium only. Irrespective of inoculation, there is an increase in nodulation status, all vegetative growth characters, the activity of rhizosphere soil enzymes and faba bean yield with increasing natural rock-phosphate rate from 60 to 180 kg/fed(15 to 45 kg P2O5/fed).Hence, data confirmed the superiority of treatment comprising (Rhizobium conjugated mixture of PGPR's and AM-fungi)in combination with 30 or 45 kg P2O5/fed, which surpassed the other tested combinations and caused a significant augmentation in all studied faba bean parameters. While, inoculation with Rhizobium combined with PGPRs or AM-fungi and fertilized with 45 kg P2O5/fed came in the second rank. Obtained findings displayed a considerable evidence that inoculation of faba bean seeds with Rhizobium combined with a mixture of rhizobacteria may revealing a good practice for improving faba bean growth and yield characters and leading to healthier food, particularly when this practice supported by effective AM-fungi and natural rock phosphate (30 kg P2O5/fed).
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_48310_deb6c8c3a1e4fb0d15171743443df7f0.pdf
2019-06-01
363
375
10.21608/jssae.2019.48310
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Serratia marcescens
Bacillus megaterium
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM-fungi)
Rock-phosphate and Sandy soil
Sh.
Abdel-Gawad
1
Agric. Microbiol. Dept., Soils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
M.
Aboel -Enin
2
Agronomy Dept. Fac. Agric. Al-Azher Universty, Cairo, Egypt.
AUTHOR