Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
SOIL FERTILITY STATUS IN SOME SOILS OF EL- BAHARIYA OASIS, EGYPT
1207
1219
EN
A. A.
Khalil
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
10.21608/jssae.2014.49672
Identifying the situation of some micronutrients and study the effect of some physical and chemical properties of soils on nutrients status is reveal their importance on agricultural productivity. Clay content, soil pH, salinity, soil organic matter and calcium carbonate content are the main factors which influence nutrients availability in the soil.
Some extractable micronutrients contents i.e., Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu as well as B and their relation to some factors are studied in the soils of El-seala area at El-Bahareya region, Egypt. To achieve this target, thirty two representative soil profiles in the study area were investigated. The obtained results are summarized as follows:
DTPA extractable amount of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B ranged between1.3–22.9, 2.1-17.9, 0.1-7, 0.1-20.3 and 0.15-7.15 mg kg-1, respectively. Some values of micronutrients are much greater than the marginal levels reported in the literature i.e. about 30.6 % for Fe, 100 % for Mn, 50 % for Zn, 38 % for Cu and 11.2 % for B. In general the soil profiles which have light texture contain low amounts of micronutrients, while on the other hand high amounts of these elements are shown in the heavy texture. About 7.5 % of soil samples have toxic limits of extractable B for soils under investigation. About 20.05 % of soil samples have sufficient limits of available Fe. About 21.85 % of soil samples contain sufficient amounts of available Mn. About 18.45 % of soil samples have adequate of extractable Zn. The critical values of the studied soil profiles reached to 43.75 % for Cu.
The statistical analysis i.e., the simple correlation coefficients between DTPA-extractable micronutrients and some soil variables are determined.
Soil fertility-micronutrients- soil profile- EL-Baharya Oasis
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49672.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49672_ebb8306100f65e5524049950b4c74a04.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
COMPUTER MODEL FOR SUPPORTING FARM MACHINERY REPLACEMENT DECISION
1221
1232
EN
A. M. I.
Soliman
Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
A. E.
Khater
Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
10.21608/jssae.2014.49654
A computer model was developed to aid farm machinery decision makers in deciding the optimum replacement time for an individual machine. The model based on solving a set of mathematical equations via Microsoft Visual Basic® to resolve the appropriate decision. The mainly input data composed of machines purchased price, date and age when purchased, the annual inflation and interest rates, the yearly repair and maintenance costs and operating hours over the machine’s life. The major criterion to keep equipment in service or replace it was the values of calculated average accumulated costs over a period of years. To run the model, realistic costs data of Kubota combine (35.79 kW), collected from the Agricultural Engineering Station in Elsadeen – Sharkia governorate, were utilized to proof its capability of making decisions. The results showed that it might be better to replace the Kubota combine at the end of year eighth years old or after 6000 operating hours. With high confidence one can assume that the current model would be helpful in assisting the mangers of farm machinery in building a clear strategy for machinery replacement.
Computer Model,replacement,decision makers,Farm Machinery
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49654.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49654_8b9970bd14f9caafab4e30fed9452ef6.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS, PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER AND SPRAYING WITH SOME NUTRIENTS UNDER NEWLY RECLAIMED SOILS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.)
1233
1246
EN
Sahar F.
Tawfic
Sugar Crop Res. Inst , Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/jssae.2014.49679
Two field studies were conducted in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons at Nubaria city Alexandria Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons, using sugar beet cultivar pleno to asses the effects of planting methods, phosphorus fertilizer management and spraying with some nutrients on sugar beet yield and quality. Split- split plot design was used with four replicates. The plot area was 27 m<sup>2</sup>. The main plots were assigned to two seedling methods
1- Manual planting, and 2- Mechanical planting.
The sub plots were assigned to two times for phosphorus fertilizer application:-
1-Application of the recommended phosphorus fertilizer as one dose before the planting 2- Application of the phosphorus as two equal doses, the first before the planting and the second one month after sowing.
The sub- sub plots were assigned to four nutrient spraying 1- Water as control, 2- Magnesium (400 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) as MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 3- Boron, (150 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) as boric acid and 4- Spraying with solution contain 150 mg L<sup>-1</sup> boron + 400 mg L<sup>-1</sup> magnesium.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:-
Mechanical planting method, application of phosphorus fertilizer at two equal doses and spraying with B + Mg for sugar beet planting gave the highest values of root length, root fresh weight, root yield, sugar yield and sucrose % where as root diameter and top yield gave the highest values with manual planting and addition phosphorus fertilizer at one dose during land preparation, while addition some nutrients had no effected on top yields at two growing seasons. On the other hand migration coefficient not affected in both seasons by factors under study.
Impurities values were affected significantly by manual planting and addition phosphorus as one dose in both seasons while, some nutrients not affected on impurities values in both seasons and recorded the highest values.
Quality % and extractable sugar (ton/fed.) recorded the highest values in both seasons when sugar beet plants were sowed mechanically and phosphorus was added at two equal doses where as, addition B + Mg alone or mixture not affected on these traits in the first seasons only.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49679.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49679_673b599d18e4c3782f963002654e658c.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
CHANGES IN FRACTIONS OF SOME MICRONUTRIENTS AS AFFECTED BY CONTINUOUS CROPPING AND LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER.
1247
1268
EN
K.S.
El-Hedek
Soils, water and Environment Res. Inst., ARC, Cairo, Egypt.
M.M.
El-Kholy
Soils, water and Environment Res. Inst., ARC, Cairo, Egypt
S. A.
El-Tohamy
Soils, water and Environment Res. Inst., ARC, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/jssae.2014.49645
Soil samples were collected from on-going long-term experiment at Bahtim area, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the distribution of various forms of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The optimum dose-based treatments selected for the study were N(15kg/ fed), N(15kg/fed)-P, N(15kg/ fed)-P-K,N(30kg/fed),N(30kg/fed)-P,N(30kg/fed)-P-K,N(60kg/fed), N(60kg/fed)-P, N(60kg/ fed)-P-K, organic (FYM), and control (no fertilizer or manure). Differnet fractions of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the soil were sequentially extracted using different extractants. DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil increased in all treatments compared to control as a result of continuous cropping and fertilizer application. The amount of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in different fractions revealed the following order: exchangeable ˂ organically bound ˂ manganese oxides ˂ crystalline iron oxides ˂ amorphous iron oxides˂ residual. DTPA-Fe showed significant correlations with all Fe fractions except manganese oxides-Fe. DTPA- Mn showed significant correlations with all Mn fractions except crystalline iron oxides- Mn. DTPA- Zn showed significant correlation with all fractions of Zn except both exchangeable and organic matter- Zn. As for, DTPA- Cu results showed a significant correlation only with organic matter- Cu.
fractions of Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu,long-term experiment,sequential extraction
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49645.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49645_3d1391c957cc80bbdf3d3baece316285.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
EFFECT OF SOME NATURAL MATERIALS ON PEA PLANT GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOIL
1269
1283
EN
A. A.
Taha
Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University
M. M.
Omar
Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University
A. A.
Teiama
Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University
10.21608/jssae.2014.49675
A pot experiment was conducted at the Agric. Exp. Station of El-Mansoura Univ. during the winter season of (2013/ 2014); to investigate the effect of some amendments on calcareous soil using sugar peas (<em>Pisum sativum</em> var . macrocarpon) variety of "mangetout"" ,type (Snow wind).
Thirteen treatments were arranged in a complete block design, which were the simple possible combination between four treatments of soil amendments application (Magnetite (100, 200 and 300 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>), Sulphur (200, 300 and 400 kg.fed<sup>-1</sup>), Humic acid (5, 7 and 9 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>) and Fulvic acid (2, 3 and 4 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>)) compared with control treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times.
The highest mean values of pea plants as fresh, dry weight (g), plant height (cm) and No. of leaves plant<sup>-1</sup> also NPK% and its uptake mg plant<sup>-1</sup> in plant foliage, N, P, K% and its uptake g plant<sup>-1</sup>, Fe ppm in pea seeds were significantly affected after 50 and 90 days during the season and obtained with using magnetite as material amendment at the rate of 300 kg fed<sup>-1</sup> followed by using soil humic acid at the rate of 9 kg fed<sup>-1</sup> compared with the other treatments. The same results were obtained with yield parameters (weight of 1000 seeds (g), fresh pods weight (g), fresh pods length and pea yield (g plant)<sup>-1</sup> and seed quality (Total carbohydrates, Total sugar % and V.C (mg 100g)<sup> -1</sup> which recorded the highest values with adding magnetite at the rate of 300 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>. In plant foliage, the highest values of Fe ppm was recorded with using magnetite as a source of iron at the rate of during both stages followed by using humic acid. As for Zn and Mn ppm recorded, the highest mean values with using fulvic acid at the low rate 2kg fed<sup>-1</sup> comparing the all parameters with the control which recorded the lowest mean values of Fe, Zn and Mn ppm of plant foliage after. This trend was observed during both stages after 50 and 90 days.
Magnetite,sulphur,Humic acid,Fulvic acid,pea plant and calcareous soil
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49675.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49675_0e21f9747b7216ee706a13ed98a3f27b.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ELEMENTAL IONS STATUS OF EL- SALAM CANAL IRRIGATION WATER AT SAHL EL-TINA AREA (North Sinai)
1285
1298
EN
Ahalm M.
Kamel
Department of Chemistry ,Faculty of Science. Helwan University, Cairo –Egypt.
Wafye El.
Teyor
Department of Chemistry ,Faculty of Science. Helwan University, Cairo –Egypt.
T. A.
Aboul EL-Defan
Soil, Water and Enviro. Res. Inst. (SWERI) - Agric. Res. C. (ARC), Giza- Egypt.
M. M.
El- Poraas
Soil, Water and Enviro. Res. Inst. (SWERI) - Agric. Res. C. (ARC), Giza- Egypt.
Fatma H.
El-Agyzy
Soil, Water and Enviro. Res. Inst. (SWERI) - Agric. Res. C. (ARC), Giza- Egypt.
10.21608/jssae.2014.49658
The objective of this study was to tracking the annual and seasonal variations in the chemical properties of El-Salam canal water at the area of Sahl El-Tina (north Sinai), during the winter and the summer of the two growing seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013.Chemical and elemental properties analyses were carried out to water samples, which collected along the main source of irrigating crops from El-Salam Canal at Sahl El-Tina area, and their average values were calculated and then The obtained data showed that:
pH values varied from 7.39 to 7.81 indicating that the irrigation water samples of El- Canal were slightly alkaline. pH mean value was more in the season of 2012/2013 (pH≈ 7.79) than the season of 2011/2012 (pH≈ 7.42). Also pH values were more at summer season than winter season during the season of 2011/2012 and the contrary trend was observed during the season of 2012/2013.
Electrical conductivity (EC) values of El-Salam Canal water, at Sahl El-Tina area, ranged between 1.63 and 3.77 (dS/m). Their values were 2.70 and 2.12 (dS/m) for the seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, respectively. During 2011/2012 EC (dS/m) values were more in winter than in summer and the contrary trend was noticed during 2012/2013 growing season.
The type of irrigation water may be considering medium saline irrigation water and can be used in light textured soils, which have a good drainage systems.
Soluble ions of Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> increased progressively with increasing EC levels in the irrigation water at the growing seasons 2011/2012 and also at the growing seasons 2012/2013.
As for the annual variations of soluble ions, concentrations of all soluble ions (meq/l) except Mg<sup>++</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>increased at the season of 2011/2012 than at the seasons of 2012/2013. Seasonal variations during the growing season of 2011/2012 showed that, all concentration (meq/l) of soluble ions increased at winter season than at summer season, except K<sup>+ </sup>behaved contrary trend. During 2012/2013, all soluble ions increased at summer season comparing with winter season, except Mg<sup>+ +</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>behaved contrary trend.
These variations can be due to increasing agricultural activities and rainfall, increasing in the leaching processes in some locations and high evaporation, as a result to high temperature.
Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), is usually used to evaluate the relatively hazards of Na<sup>+</sup> ion which associated with the irrigation water supply on soil properties. Throughout the season of 2011/2012, SAR was decreased at summer than at winter. While opposite trend was noticed through the growing season of 2012/2013. As for the annual variations in SAR values, data indicated that SAR decreased at 2011/2012 than at 2012/2013.
But in general SAR ranged from 6.15 to 12.52 throughout the two seasons of growth of the current investigation study. These types of water can be used for irrigate the soils with coarse textured, which have good permeability, because their values ranged 10 > SAR <18.
With respect to the elemental nutrients of El-Salam Canal irrigation water, throughout the two seasons of growth, their concentrations were varied from 2.84 to 5.75 mg/l for N, from 0.80 to 1.49 mg/l for P, from 0.89 to 0.92 mg/l for Fe, from 0.28 to 1.80mg/l for Mn, from 0.56 to 0.97 mg/l for Zn and from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/l for Cu.
The annual variations were represented by the concentrations of 3.07 and 5.28 mg/l for N, 1.15, 1.04 mg/l for P, 0.95 and 0.91 mg/l for Fe, 1.32 and 0.55 mg/l for Mn, 0.73 and 0.83 mg/l for Zn, 0.06 and 0.06 mg/l for Cu at the season of 2011/2012 and the season of 2012/2013, respectively. Their seasonal variations showed that, at summer seasonof2011/2012 all the concentrations of N, Fe, Mn, and Cu (mg/l) increased than their corresponding values at winter season. On contrary trend, P and Zn showed decreasing in their concentrations (mg/l) at summer season than their at winter season. While data showed that the at summer season2012/2013, N, P, Fe, and Zn (mg/l) increased than at winter season. On contrary trend, Mn and Cu showed decreasing in their values (mg/l) at summer season than their values at winter season.
In general, contents of N and P were considered blow the critical limits. Contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (mg/l) were, also, below the maximum ranges.
Data showed that Pb concentration (mg/l) ranged between 1.38 & 1.35 (mg/l) at 2011/2012 and 1.72 & 1.44 (mg/l) at 2012/2013 during the summer and the winter seasons, respectively.
Cd-contents (mg/l) were ≈ 0.05 (mg/l), with non-effective differences were observed between Cd values either at winter or at summer for the two growth seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013.
Generally, the investigated contents of Pb (mg/l) were below the recommended maximum ranges. While the obtained Cd values can be considered anomalous, and above the recommended maximum limit.
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49658.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49658_1618da4e8f586aac2163060b216e2a06.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE WATER QUALITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.
1299
1315
EN
E. E. E.
Khafagy
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
I. S. M.
Mosaad
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
Rania M.
El - Samet
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
M.A.
Bayoumi
Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
10.21608/jssae.2014.49674
The present study was carried out on EL-Serw drain located between Dakahlia Governorate and Damietta Governorate to evaluate the effect of drainage water quality on chemical composition of soil and plants. EL-Serw drain passes through many villages dotted along it receiving their agricultural drainage water, domestic waste waters and industrial effluents. Water samples were seasonally collected from 6 sites along this drain (the beginning of the drain (0), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 km.) during June 2012 to March 2014.
<strong>The main obtained results are presented as follows: </strong>
Electrical conductivity (EC) values increased slightly with northward direction. Also, Sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR) took the same trend, the quality of studied drainage water belong to C3 S1 and C4 S2 classes and could be reused in irrigation purpose under special management.
Boron (B) concentration, at most of locations have low concentration (B1) < 3 mg L<sup>-1</sup> which less than the critical limit indicating (slight to moderate for restriction on use).
Nitrate –N concentration was ranged from 5-30 ppm in the EL-Serw drain in two summer season 2012 at distance 0 to5 Km. and 2014 at distance 0 to 10 Km. whereas, the other sites had higher water than the critical limits.
Micronutrients and heavy metal ions concentrations (Fe<sup>+2</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup>) were less than permissible levelsat all selected water samples.
Soil salinity and SAR values of soil increased as a result of using drainage water and the increasing of soil pH is related to salt content in irrigation water.
Using drainage water for irrigation, caused an increase in soil content of available micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) whereas, heavy metals (Pb) was less than the permissible limit (500 mg Kg<sup>-1</sup>).
Concentrations of heavy metals and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb) in straw and grains of wheat and rice grown in the most locations were under the permissible limits except Pb and Fe concentration exceeds the critical levels in all locations.The concentration of heavy metals and micronutrients in straw of wheat and rice crops were higher than in the grain in all locations.
Zn and Mn concentrations were less than critical limits in all locations in shoot of clover plants and Pb and Fe concentrations were higher than critical limit in all locations.
Finally, the rice crop slightly affected by water quality than wheat and finally clover.
Drainage water,plant chemical composition,soil properties and heavy metals
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49674.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49674_2bf65abe3fe92d3f960c038c190e0a2b.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering
2090-3685
2090-3766
5
9
2014
09
01
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES, PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS AND THEIR CONTENTS OF HEAVY METALS
1317
1333
EN
M.M.I.
Nassr
Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
E.A.
Moursi
Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
M.M.
Kassab
Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/jssae.2014.49650
Two lyzimeter investigations were carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The site of this investigation is located at 31<sup>o</sup>05<sup>-</sup> N latitude and 30<sup>o</sup>56<sup>-</sup> E longitude with an elevation of about 6 meters above mean sea level. This location represents the conditions of the North Middle Nile Delta region. The experiment was conducted during the two successive winter growing seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to investigate the impact of irrigation water quality for long-term on some soil characteristics, productivity of some wheat cultivars and also their contents of heavy metals. Wheat cultivars were four, Misr-2, Misr-1, Sakha 94 and Sakha 93 in the two growing seasons to study the content of their grains and straw of some heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cu as affected by different water qualities since 1987. The irrigation water qualities were: W<sub>1</sub>, (Nile Water, good water quality), W<sub>3</sub> (drainage water, relatively poor water quality) and W<sub>2</sub> (mixed water, 50% W<sub>1</sub> + 50% W<sub>3</sub>). A split plot design with four replicates was used where; the main plots were assigned by irrigation water quality. While, sub main plots were assigned for wheat cultivars.
The main results in this present study can be summarized as follows:
- The main values of soluble ions Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>=</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and determined ECe, measured pH and calculated SAR were increased by using low irrigation water quality W<sub>3</sub> in comparison with W<sub>1</sub> and W<sub>2</sub>. Generally, the mean values of the abovementioned studied parameters can be descended in order W<sub>3</sub>>W<sub>2</sub>>W<sub>1</sub> before planting. The same trend was observed after planting process but the mean values were higher than those before planting.
- Concerning grain yield, the mean values can be descended in order Misr-2 > Misr-1 > Sakha 94 > Sakha 93 of 452, 428, 413 and 366 (gm/Lyz.). The same trend was obtained for straw yield but the mean values are 1156, 1128, 1116 and 1013 (gm/Lyz.), respectively. Increasing the mean values of Misr-2 yields in comparison with other studied cultivars; it means that cultivar is more tolerant to the mixed and drainage water when use for irrigation than other cultivars.
- Regarding the effect of irrigation water quality, the highest mean values for grain and straw yields were recorded under W<sub>1</sub> comparing with W<sub>2</sub> and W<sub>3</sub>. Concerning, DTPA-extractable Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cu, the highest mean values were recorded under W<sub>3</sub> comparing with W<sub>1</sub> and W<sub>2</sub> before planting. The same trend was obtained after planting but the mean values were higher than those before planting.
- Straw content of the studied heavy metals were higher than that of corresponding grains for studied water quality treatments. Wheat straw and grain contents of Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cu were higher under W<sub>3</sub> in comparison with W<sub>1</sub> and W<sub>2</sub>. The grains of wheat cultivar Misr-2 were the lowest in their contents of these heavy metals followed by those of Misr-1. The straw of Misr-2 had also the lowest content of Cd,Ni and Zn when drainage water was used for irrigation.
So, in conclusion, the study recommend planting the cultivar Misr-2 for irrigation with drainage water because it is the least affected by heavy metals and salinity.
Wheat,water qualities,Heavy metals
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49650.html
https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_49650_2979b80d2b3c57eb9eb53b4f43003957.pdf