Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Micromorphological Studies of some Egyptian Soils.3913943805310.21608/jssae.2017.38053ENM. HammadSoil and Water Dept. Fac .of Agri. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo. Egypt.S. Abou EL-EnanSoil and Water Dept. Fac .of Agri. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo. Egypt.Kh. EL-AshrySoil and Water Dept. Fac .of Agri. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo. Egypt.A. SamySoil and Water Dept. Fac .of Agri. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo. Egypt.Journal Article20170820The current investigation was carried out to study the micromorphological features of some soils of Egypt represent the main soil orders, Aridisols, Entisols and vertisols. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from seven soil profiles to prepare thin section using standard techniques and examined by polarized microscope. The obtained results can be summarized in the folloing; the aridisols Typic Haplosalids are characterized by salic horizon, presence of halite crystals in some Vughs Voids and argillasepic plasmic Fabric was found in the lower layers. Entisols, Typic Torripsamment are characterized by single grains of sandy materials, simple packing Voids and the plasmic Fabric is sillasepic. The skeleton grains consist mainly of quartz grains with different shapes of angular and sub angular roundness and usually distributed randomly with feldspars and some opaque minerals.Vertisols, Typic Torrerts are characterized by argillasepic plasmic Fabric Voids are generally decreasing in size with depth and vughs and channels are the dominated Typic.Pedological features observed are residual partially decomposed plant Tissues with humified organic materials in black and brown colors especially in the surface layers. Lime and ferric nodules are found in the subsurface layers. The related descriptions pattern is porophyrosklic.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38053_f6d565c7ad8bc4eeed1f01346e725252.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Molding of Sugar Cane Residues (Bagsse)3954003757610.21608/jssae.2017.37576ENHoria Abd El-GhanyAgricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI)- ARC, EgyptJournal Article20170824This research aims at forming sugar cane residues in the form of regular molds so as to facilitation of trade it with better natural properties than that the original ones. They get easy to handle, transport and storage templates that are then used as an alternative to energy. Moreover, reduce environmental pollution. The studied factors were: particle size of less or equal 1 mm, between 1.4 - 2.8 mm, more than 2.8 mm, and chopped from the machine without separation, at four molding pressure of 150, 200, 250 and 300 bar, (30, 40, 50 and 60 MPa), bonded material (molasses 5, 10 and 15 %) and without bonded material. From the main results, the optimum conditions of sugarcane briquettes were; molding pressure of 60 MPa, particle size of < 1 mm, and molasses percent of 15 %. Which gave briquettes bulk-density of 992 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, compression ratio of 12.4, resiliency of 4 %, the max., caloric value of 14720 kJ kg<sup>-1</sup>,and the min, caloric value of 6500 kJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, durability of 98.33%, combustion efficiency of 46%.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_37576_570754e78ffcd80b4495832b5abcc0d0.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Effect of some Soil Properties on Heavy Metal Contents in Soil Qena Governorate.4014093805610.21608/jssae.2017.38056ENM. IbrahimSoils & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EgyptA. Abd El-GalilSoils & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EgyptO. NegimSoils & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EgyptM. NazirSoils & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EgyptJournal Article20170828This study aims to assess heavy metal in the soils of Qena governorate. To fulfill this objective, surface soil samples were collected from industrial site and agricultural soils in Qena governorate. Cd. Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the samples were estimate. During sampling we focused on the residential communities located downwind from the industrial zone to investigate the effect of industrial plants on the surrounding. The average An concentration of these elements in all soil samples were in the following order Fe> Mn> Cr> Cu> Ni> Co> Zn> Pb> Cd. In addition, positive correlations were found between organic matter, clay content and concentration of total heavy metal. In comparison to level heavy metal (industrial zone & cultivated soil) of Qena , the mean contents of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Fe are high in industrial zone samples. The obtained values were higher than the background levels measured in control soil sample . The findings of this study revealed that there need for monitoring of heavy metal contents in soils from the vicinity of industrial sites in Qena governorate in order to assess the possible potential hazard to life and environment. https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38056_0a1552778421f893795880d9631eb7bf.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901An Innovative System for Picking Mango Fruit4114203757210.21608/jssae.2017.37572ENT. MohamedAgricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI)- ARC, EgyptJournal Article20170830A mango picking machine was manufactured from selected light materials to be capable to reach to the high position of mango fruits. The innovated design was depended on confirming the right cutting of the stem position to decrease latex bleeding, protecting the fruits from injures and preventing the fruits from fallen down. The picker cutting mechanism was consisted of two circular saws rotated vice versa towards inside direction and faced a counter sharp blade along the two centers of the cutting discs. The machine was tested on three cultivars of mango trees Keitt, Kent, and Tommy Atkins from low-stemmed trees cultivars and distinguished of big fruit volume. Also the fruit stem cross section was measured. The maximum dimensions of the fruits were taken to design the machine. Four types of circular saws at five cutting speeds of (2.78, 4.17, 5.56, 6.97 and8.34 m/s) were tested and studying the stem cutting efficiency (%) at each treatment. The results indicated that the optimum cutting circular saws were the 100 teeth saw discs with sharp edge when working at linear speed of 8.34 m/s that gave correct cutting stem percentage of 95% and only 5% undercut stems. Also, the results indicated that the optimum counter blade position was underneath the discs with over lapping 5 mm that gave the same cutting efficiency. The calculated power required to cut a fruit stem with a cross section of 87.5 mm<sup>2</sup> with two circular saws was 3.56watts, meanwhile, the results indicated the measured power was 4.8 watts, while the available power was 5.2 watts. Comparing the effect between manual picking by hook type stick and using the picker the on the fruits injures. In manual picking, the results indicated that the average percentages of (fallen fruits, injured fruits, and latex fruit) were (15.07%, 6.85%and 30.82%) respectively meanwhile, the innovated picker indicated injured percentage (2.28%, 2.43% and 4.86%) respectively. The total fabrication cost of the picker was 1500 LE with 2017 price level. The total operating costs was 21.37 LE/h. The rental value of mechanical was 22.82 LE/h. The picker indicated (NPV) of 844.3 LE at 14 % interest rate. The picker payback period (PBP) was about 1.3 year.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_37572_e08f8b5cdf1d15baaaea798f83bd6240.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Studies on some Physical and Chemical Properties of Sirt Area Cultivated Soils.4214293805210.21608/jssae.2017.38052ENM. El- AgrodiSoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.M. Abd-ElhadySoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.E. Al-KhamliSoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.Journal Article20170901This investigation has been conducted on the cultivated soil of Sirt area, Libya, that located 450 kilometers from East of Libyan capital Tripoli and between the coordinates 16°35´ E and 31°12´ N to study the potassium status in some soils of Libya. Forty-two soil samples were taken at the two different depth (0-20 and 20-40 cm) from 21sites to evaluate some physical and chemical parameters for soils such as mechanical analysis , total carbonate, organic matter , EC , pH, soluble cations (Ca<sup>++</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>), anions (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>=</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup> - </sup>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>=</sup>) , total K , available K , soluble water K, exchangeable K and non exchangeable K. Coordinates of cultivated soil samples were recorded using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Studied parameters were analyzed graphically by contour maps to show the spatial distribution of chemical constituents of the different soil samples. The results indicate that the majority of soil textures in the investigated area were Sandy Loam. The all soil samples at the studied area are poor in organic matter. The soil samples electric conductivity (EC) was suitable for agricultural purposes. (The highest value of total K in both depths was found in 0-20 depth and the lowest value was found in 20-40 depth) .Positive correlation was found between the total potassium and the clay content. (The highest values of available K in soil samples were found in 20-40 cm depth. In contrast the lowest values were found in 20-40 cm depth). The highest values of water soluble K (meq100g<sup>-1</sup>soil) in studied soil samples of both depths were found in 20-40 cm depth, also the lowest values were found in 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth, respectively. (The highest values of non exchangeable K (meq100g<sup>-1</sup>soil) content in studied soil samples of both depths were found in 0-20cm depth ,also the lowest values were found in 0-20 cm depth) . The soil samples at the studied area are poor in total K, available K, soluble water K, exchangeable K and non exchangeable K. https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38052_f0483176d1e07b3b657241a25da3eff4.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Performance Evaluation of Pellets Forming Unit in Local Feed Pelleting Machine4314353805010.21608/jssae.2017.38050ENM. Abo-HabagaAg. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Ag., Mansoura University.A. BahnassiAg. Eng. Res., Inst., (AEnRI), El-Giza, Egypt.T. ElShabrawyAg. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Ag., Mansoura University.Abeer ElHaddadAg. Eng. Res., Inst., (AEnRI), El-Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170902This study was carried out to manufacture and evaluate a small local feed pelleting machine. The experimental studies were confined to determine the effect of: die speed (85, 95, 115, 160 &190 r.p.m.), die holes’ diameter (3, 4 &5mm), moisture content of feed mixture (25, 28 & 31%), adhesive material (without any, molasses & gelatin) and different sources of power: (220V., AC, on grid system - Diesel generator – 1, 5 and 8 hours PV system). On some parameters of the study such as: productivity, pelleting efficiency, pellets durability, specific consumption energy and production cost. The experimental results showed that the highest value of pelleting machine productivity was 40.220 kg/h at die speed 190 rpm., 5mm die holes’ diameter and 28% moisture content of feed mixture with gelatin as adhesive material in feed formula. At the same conditions, the pelleting efficiency was 98.082 %, pellets durability was 97.420%, specific consumption energy was 15.08 kW.h/ton and production cost was 39 LE/ton.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38050_14195a803f9af38ec0a2595dbd7c9c05.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Manufacturing and Evaluation of Local Animal Feed Mixing Machine4374393805110.21608/jssae.2017.38051ENM. Abo-HabagaAg. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Ag., Mansoura University.A. BahnassiAg. Eng. Res., Inst., (AEnRI), El-Giza, Egypt.T. ElShabrawyAg. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Ag., Mansoura University.Abeer ElHaddadAg. Eng. Res., Inst., (AEnRI), El-Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170905This investigation was carried out to develop and manufacture small animal feed mixing machine. Feed mixing machines are used in feed mills for the mixing of feed ingredients and premixes. The mixing machine is essential part in the feed manufacture, with accurate mixing being the key to good feed manufacture. The machine is small and works by very small power if compared with other machines. The goal of this experiment was to determine the optimum mixing duration at which the highest degree of mixing (homogeneity) is achieved. Experimental and designing studies were confined to determine the effect of mixing duration at constant speed of mixing drum, 228 rpm on coefficient of variation, degree of mixing (homogeneity), machine productivity, specific energy and mixing cost and the effect of moisture content of feed mixture on Pelleting efficiency. The machine was experimented and evaluated using four different mixing durations (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) and using different moisture contents of feed mixture (25, 28 and 31%). Results indicated that the mixer shaft was designed at a diameter of 20mm. The highest value of the performance parameters of the mixing machine and the optimum mixing duration was 5 minutes. The suitable moisture content of feed mixture for the following process which is pelleting process was 28%.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38051_c2d7a6c84e2273c373620517fb0ea0f9.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Efficient of Energy Use in a Commercial Poultry Slaughterhouse4414503805410.21608/jssae.2017.38054ENA. Abou ElmagdAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric, Mansoura Univ.Y. El-HadidiAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric, Mansoura Univ.M. Abd-ElhameedAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric, Mansoura Univ.Journal Article20170907Seven sequence processing operations were conducted in a private commercial poultry slaughterhouse in order to determine the effects of the variations in the slaughterhouse operation capacity, and in the processed live bird weight, on the energy being consumed, under Egyptian conditions. The energy types used in the processing operations were electrical, gas fuel, and human energy. The respective proportions of these energy forms of the total consumed energy are varied automatically in accordance to the slaughterhouse production capacity. The energy accounting process were proceeded for the specific energy consumption (SEC) in reception, and hanging up; killing and bleeding; scalding; defeathering; evisceration and washing ; chilling ;and packing departments(sections) of the slaughterhouse.The gained results of the present study indicated that:-*Sensible decreases of about 49.4 and 46.4%, in the energy use per kg of poultry product (ready-to-cook), were happened as increasing the slaughter operation capacity from 1000 to 3000 and from 3000 to 6000 respectively. The results also indicated that increasing the average processed live bird weight, from 1.6 to 1.8 Kg and from 1.8 to 2.0 Kg caused reductions in the energy use per kg of product by about 19.7 and 25.3% respectively.* The average specific electrical energy consumptions represents 73.8%, of total specific energy consumption in the investigated slaughterhouse, followed by the average specific thermal energy (gas fuel energy), and human energy which represent 23.43%, and 2.77%, respectively .*Analysis the energy consumption data in the seven defined slaughtering processing operations revealed that the scalding and defeathering are the most consumptive operations, requiring 29.53%, and 36.79% of all energy consumed in processing operations, respectively. Other operations consuming energy in the following order: - Hanging (1.07 %), slaughtering (1.26 %), evisceration (7.91 %), chilling (18.08 %) and packing (5.37 %).https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38054_6e32834e3e9ec50860a2d7bb5dd554ca.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Maximizing the Benefit of Orange Pomace4514573805810.21608/jssae.2017.38058ENA. MatoukDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura UniversityM. El-KholyFood Process Engineering and Deputy Director of Agric. Eng. Res. Institute.A. TharwatDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura UniversityS. El-FarDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura UniversityJournal Article20170910A study was carried out to maximize the benefits of orange pomace through different treatments including chopping process at different times (5, 10 and 15 s), pressing using a laboratory scale hydraulic press unit at four different levels of applied pressure (50, 100, 150 and 200 bar) for exposure times of (5, 10, 15 and 20 min) with pre-treatment of the samples using Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> in comparison with non-treated samples. Following this process, the most proper pressing treatment was assigned for a drying process using a conduction rotary heating unit at heating surface temperatures of (100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 <sup>o</sup>C) for drying times of (10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 min). Two different drying models (Lewis model and Henderson & Pabis's model) were assigned for describing the drying data and predicting the change in orange pomace moisture content. Quality evaluation tests were also conducted for the dried samples including chemical composition, water retention capacity (WRC) and oil holding capacity (OHC). The results show that chopping process for 10s showed the highest extraction efficiency, the samples treated with Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>and pressed at 150 bar for 15 min recorded the lowest value of moisture content (105.46% d.b.). Meanwhile, the drying process at heating surface temperature of 110 <sup>o</sup>C for 40 min showed the lowest reduction in pomace quality. Also, Lewis model could describe the drying behavior of orange pomace satisfactory.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38058_5f49f07b0152d2c7a2b648383367826f.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Impact of Nitrogen and Cobalt Rates on Faba Bean Crop Grown on Clayey Soil4594653758010.21608/jssae.2017.37580ENA. SherifSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute.ARC, Giza, Egypt.Samia ElKhalawySoils, Water and Environment Research Institute.ARC, Giza, Egypt.E. HegabSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute.ARC, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170912Two field experiments were carried out in the two-successive winter seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 on faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.,) at El-Gemmaiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, located at (Lat. 30<sup>º</sup> 48´ 752" and Long. 31<sup>º</sup> 81 025"). as sake of studying study the influence of nitrogen as ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) at rates of (0.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 15.0 kg N fed<sup>-1</sup>) and foliar spray of cobalt at rates of (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) as cobalt sulphate on yield, yield components, nutrients status. The statistical analysis of this experiment was randomized complete block design for combined two seasons.The results indicated that, faba bean yield (grains, straw and 100 grains weight) were significantly increased with the application of N compared to control. The highest significantly increases in grain, straw and roots yields of faba bean were obtained at accompanied treatments of 15.0 kg N fed<sup>-1</sup> with two rates of cobalt (0.5 and 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup>). Foliar spray with cobalt at a rate of 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> gave the highest yield and yield components. Data also show that, combined treatments of N and cobalt at all rates under study were significantly increased grain, straw and roots yields. The highest increases were obtained with applied rate of 15.0 kg N fed<sup>-1</sup> combined with 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> cobalt as foliar spray. Additions of three rates of N were significantly increased N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co contents of grains, straw, and roots. Also, two rates of cobaltwere significantly increased all nutrients in grain, straw, and roots. The highest increases also, were obtained at a rate of 15.0 Kg N fed<sup>-1 </sup>accompanied with 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> cobalt. Data, obtained also showed that the interaction between N and Co were increased N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co, in grains, straw and roots especially at rate of 15.0 Kg N fed<sup>-1</sup> combined with 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> cobalt. The addition of different levels of nitrogen and cobalt led to a significant increase in the availability of (N, P, K and Co) in the soil. The highest increase was may be due to the addition of 15.0 kg N fed<sup>-1</sup> with cobalt at a concentration of 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup>.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_37580_3355bd41360db2cc7f0ae4d44fffecd4.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Some Chemical Properties of Soil Affected by Long-Term Application of Primary Treated Wastewater4674743761910.21608/jssae.2017.37619ENW. AhmedSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute (Agric. Res Center) Giza, Egypt.K. El-HedekSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute (Agric. Res Center) Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170917Effect of irrigation with primary treatedwastewater on some chemical properties of soil was the main purpose of' this investigation. Eight soil profiles were chosen fromAbou-Rawash farm (Giza Governorate)those profiles represent soils under different periods ofsewage water utilization (0, 10, 20, 25 and 50 years), respectively. The chemical analysis ofprimary treated wastewater showed that total salt concentration and heavy metal content was within the safe limits. Thus, wastewater remained within permissible limits for use as irrigation water. Soil analysis revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content were high in primary treatedwastewater irrigated soils compared to non-wastewater irrigated soils. The soil pH and EC decreased as a result of wastewater irrigation. Data indicate that the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil increased by irrigation with primary treatedwastewater compared to control soil; the highestaccumulation of micronutrients were found in the surface layer in soil irrigated with primary treated wastewater for fifty years and the lowest in the sub-surface layers of control soil. Based on our study, the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Mo, Cd, and B) was higher in top layers of primary treatedwastewater irrigated soil compared to those not irrigated with wastewater (control soil). It has been reported that high concentration of heavy metals in primary treatedwastewater leads to an increase of their content in soil. Also, the enrichment factor of the heavy metals in soil irrigated with primary treatedwastewater were higher and taken this sequence of Ni >Pb> Cd > Mo > B.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_37619_431b26dd319c9c9e1531276deab9188c.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36858920170901Assessment of Farm Residuals Uniformity within a Spherical Mixer to Accelerate Conversion to Compost4754813806110.21608/jssae.2017.38061ENZ. IsmailAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.A. TharwatAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.Mayada RadwanAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.Journal Article20170916This study aimed to determine the best parameters suitable to mix agriculture residues to produce compost in short time. A spherical mixer was designed to determine the optimum operating levels. The spherical shape ensures the regularity of the residue components movement inside it and also, it assures move the all sphere component, it easy to clean, to fill and unload. It is consists of four parts namely; body of spherical mixer–frame–transmission system–source of power. To prepare the compost raw materials, the shredded maize stover, poultry litter and clipping grass were collected to mix. The mixer fills by each raw material according to the determined ratio. The studied variables are three level of spherical rotating speed (25, 35 and 45rpm), three level of mixing time (900, 1800, 2700 and 3600 sec) and three levels of filling mass (24.3; 32.5 and 36.5 kg). To test the mixing operation, the ash percentage was identified. For each test the eleven samples were taken from the different location of the spherical mixer. Each test replicates three times and statistically analysis. It may be concluded that the percentage of ash decreased with increasing each of the amount of material in the spherical mixer and mixing time and vice versa for mixer rotational speeds. By comparing the calculated values of ash percentage (11.59%) with the experimental ash values for mixed under above conditions may be indicated that the treatment of 1800s with 36.5kg and 25rpm is the best parameters gives a good ash distribution.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_38061_0a3ef70d9026861a0838d84fd6ab0bad.pdf