Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101ALLEVIATION OF SOME PROBLEMS IN NEWLY RECLAIMED SALT AFFECTED SOIL AT NORTH SINAI BY USING BIO-CONDITIONER TO MAIZE PRODUCTION128113034389010.21608/jssae.2015.43890ENKadria EL AzabSoils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20151024A field experiment was performed in a newly reclaimed salt affected soils area of Gelbana village No 7, Sahl El-Tina, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during the summer season of 2013, to assess the effectiveness of cyanobacteria as a biological soil conditioner combined with different nitrogen forms and rates to improve and enhance maize production under saline soil. Three N-mineral forms namely N1: urea (46% N), N2: ammonium nitrate (33.5%N) or N3: ammonium sulfate (20.6%N), were added at a rate of 100% or 75% from the recommended dose (RD) (120 kg N/fed) as soil application in presence or absence of cyanobacteria. Maize (<em>Zea mays </em>L., Th. 321 cv.) as a moderately salt-sensitive plant was used as an indicator to identify the response to applied treatments in a split - split plot design.
Results revealed that cyanobacteria application recorded significant increases of plant growth, biological yield and yield components of maize. Under the experiment condition, the results clearly indicated that the applied ammonium sulfate was more effective compared to the other used forms on above mention traits. Moreover, the highest value of N use efficiency (NUE) (79.8%) was recorded in the presence of cyanobacteria combined with ammonium sulfate at a rate of 75 % RD. These results were explained that cyanobacteria could supplement up to 20% of RD of mineral nitrogen fertilizer for maize cultivation in saline soils, this percentage was different from one N form to another. Thus, cyanobacteria currently seem to be offering a potentially environmental friendly alternative to the use of mineral fertilizers, and they succeeded to minimize the amount of applied mineral fertilizer and reduce the production costs and environmental pollution. Furthermore, cyanobacteria application practices as a bio-fertilizer and a soil bio-conditioner alleviated of salt hazards, which improved and enhanced some soil properties reflected positively on maize yield production.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43890_407b7324b3bfc4010330fc1e85fb6807.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101INFLUENCE OF WATER DEFICIT DURING GROWTH STAGES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION RATES ON PRODUCTIVITY, OIL CONTENT AND SOME WATER RELATIONS OF CANOLA CROP (Brassica napus L.) IN HEAVY CLAY SOILS.130513254389210.21608/jssae.2015.43892ENE. MoursiSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.S. AttiaOil Crops Dept., Field Crop Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.M. Abou-MowafyOil Crops Dept., Field Crop Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20151027A field investigation was conducted at the experimental farm, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during the two successive winter growing seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to investigate the effect of irrigation treatments (water deficit, during the growth stages) and nitrogen fertilization rates on productivity, oil content and some water relations of canola crop in the North Middle Nile Delta region. The station is situated at 31<sup>0</sup> 07ˉ N Latitude and 30<sup>0</sup> 57ˉ E longitude. It has an elevation of about 6 metres above mean sea level (MSL). A split plot design with three replicates was used in this present study. The main plots were occupied by irrigation treatments which were I<sub>1 </sub>(traditional irrigation, as practice by local farmers in the studied area, 6 irrigations), I<sub>2 </sub>(sowing irrigation + first post planting irrigation (mohayaa) + one irrigation during flowering growth stage only, 3 irrigations), I<sub>3 </sub>(sowing irrigation + mohayaa + one irrigation during seed filling only, 3 irrigations) and I<sub>4 </sub>(sowing irrigation + mohayaa + one irrigation during flowering growth stage + one irrigation during seed filling only, 4 irrigations), while, sub- main plots were randomly assigned by nitrogen fertilization rates 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg N/ fed. for N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>4</sub>, respectively.
<strong>The main results can be summarized as follows:-</strong>
* The highest values for irrigation water requirements were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>1</sub> (Traditional irrigation) and the values are 63.16 cm (2652.72 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) and 62.14 cm. (2609.88 m<sup>3</sup>/fed.). Meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>3</sub> and the values are 34.87 cm. (1464.54 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) and33.70 cm. (1415.40 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Generally, the values of irrigation water requirements in the two growing seasons can be descended in order I<sub>1</sub> > I<sub>4</sub> > I<sub>2</sub> > I<sub>3</sub>. Concerning, water consumptive use, the highest values were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>1</sub> and the values are 36.80 cm. (1545.39 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) and 36.40 cm. (1528.80 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.). Meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>3 </sub>and the values are 23.58 cm. (990.15m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) and 23.20 cm. (974.40 m<sup>3</sup>/ fed.) in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Generally, the values of water consumptive use can be descended in order I<sub>1</sub> > I<sub>4</sub> > I<sub>2</sub> > I<sub>3</sub> in the two growing seasons. The values of water consumptive use were slightly affected by nitrogen fertilization rates, where, the values can be descended in order N<sub>4</sub> > N<sub>3 </sub>> N<sub>2</sub> > N<sub>1</sub> in the two growing seasons.
*Regarding, consumptive use efficiency (Ecu), water productivity (WP) and productivity of irrigation water (PIW), the highest overall mean values for Ecu were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>4</sub>. Meanwhile, for WP and PIW were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>3</sub> and the values are 72.41 %, 1.42 kg/ m<sup>3</sup> and 0.97 kg/ m<sup>3</sup> for Ecu, WP and PIW, respectively. Concerning, the effect of nitrogen fertilization rates, the overall mean values for Ecu, WP, PIW can be descended in order N<sub>4</sub> > N<sub>3 </sub>> N<sub>2</sub> > N<sub>1</sub>.
Concerning, seed yield, some yield attributes, seed oil (%),oil yield (kg/ fed.), number of racemes and number of days to 50 % flowering were significantly affected by irrigation treatments except number of racemes in the two growing seasons and 1000 seed weight (g.) in the first season which not significantly affected by irrigation treatments, for all the studied parameters. The highest mean values were recorded under irrigation treatment I<sub>1</sub> in comparison with I<sub>2</sub>, I<sub>3</sub> and I<sub>4</sub> in the two seasons. Concerning, the effect of nitrogen rates on canola studied characters, it gave highly significant effect in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen rates from 15 to 60 kg N/ fed. increased all characters except seed oil content which decreased by increasing nitrogen fertilization rates in the two seasons. Regarding, the interactions between irrigation treatments (I) and nitrogen fertilization rates (N), there was significant effect on seed yield kg/ fed., seed yield gm/ plant, number of days to 50 % flowering, seed oil content (%) and oil yield kg/fed. In the second season only and plant height in the two seasons, while, the other studied characters were insignificantly affected by the interaction between (I * N). https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43892_e1b4f815f707f4fca02386a2b254b4a4.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES APPLICATION ON N MINERALIZATION AT DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN SOILS.132713394389410.21608/jssae.2015.43894ENA. El-GhamrySoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptDina GhaziSoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptM. AmarefSoils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20151101Organic manure is one of the sources of nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen mineralization depends on application method, source of organic manure, microbial activity, aeration and moisture. The objective of this study was to investigate the rate of nitrogen mineralization as affected by different sources of organic manures (compost, chicken manures, and town refuse) which mixed with clay and sandy soils at the rate of 10 and 20 t fed<sup>-1</sup> at different incubation periods.
The experiment was carried out in laboratory of Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, MansouraUniversity. Soil samples were taken from El-Mansoura (clay soil) and El-Sharkia (sandy soil). Nitrogen mineralization was studied in both soils mixed with different organic manure types at different incubation periods. The analysis of ammonium and nitrate were conducted at (0, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after incubation at 38˚C).
The results showed that NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N content at the different organic manures application to both soils used increased compared with the control (without organic manure addition) at different incubation periods. The maximum concentration of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> -N obtained at 60 day of incubation with compost then chicken manure in sandy soil and contrast with clay soil. While the maximum concentration of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N reaches at 90 days after incubation in both soils It was clearly with compost then chicken manure in clay soil and contrast with sandy soil.
It can be concluded that, nitrogen mineralization is the process by which organic N is converted to inorganic forms which mostly ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>). When manures are regularly added to soils, the mineralization gradually increases over time until it eventually reached a plateau know as the steady-state condition.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43894_291d7f9b1958c3fcf485955575bc8a9a.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION USING REMOTE SENSING DATAAND SOME CLIMATIC MODELS134113544392610.21608/jssae.2015.43926ENM. Abdel KaderSoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, EgyptH. KhalifaSoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, EgyptA. ShetaSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, EgyptA. IbrahimSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, EgyptJournal Article20151105This study aims to assess the estimated values of evapotranspiration using the surface energy balance system (SEBS model) and four climatic models widely used including Penman-Monteith (FAO 56-PM), Penman (FAO 24-P), radiation (R) and Hargreaves-Samani (HS). Remote sensing model (SEBS) was used to estimate daily actual evapotranspiration values for wheat, Sugar beet and green onions crops using nine Landsat ETM+7 satellite images representing the 2012 / 2013season. The selected site represents a private farm (6<sup>th</sup> October agricultural company) located in Ismailia governorate (between 31.92 and 32.62 E longitudes and 30.38 and 30.52 N latitudes).
Results indicated that there were clear differences between the estimated Et<sub>a</sub> values using any of the tested climatic or remote sensing models. The Et<sub>a</sub> values estimated by SEBS, P, R, and HS methods were lower than those estimated by PM method. Estimated Et<sub>a</sub> values using SEBS model were generally low compared with those estimated by the tested climatic models. The actual evapotranspiration values (Et<sub>a</sub>) for the studied crops using SEBS, PM, P, R, and HS methods are 384, 574, 382, 450, and 329 for wheat, 491, 533, 331, 409 and 264 for sugar beet and 279, 614, 414, 508 and 360 mm/season for green onion crop respectively. Data suggested that, more studies and verification are needed to evaluate all the factors that might affect the quality of data affecting the surface energy balance under arid lands condition. Results concluded also that more verification through several consecutive seasons for various crops is recommended for estimating the actual evapotranspiration at the field level.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43926_f1952953d9c802b838aed216a08a0131.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101EFFECT OF SALINITY STRESS ON GROWTH AND MACRONUTRIENTS UPTAKE OF SOME EGYPTIAN BARLEY LANDRACES ((Hordeum vulgare L.).135513644392310.21608/jssae.2015.43923ENS. AbdeenDepartment of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.A. RizkDepartment of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.S. El-HamamsyDepartment of Biochemistry , Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20151108In this study the effect of salinity stress on growth and macronutrient uptake of some barley landraces ((<em>Hordeum vulgare </em>L.) grown in sandy loam soil were investigated. The main purpose of this study was carried out to evaluate three Egyptian barley landraces i.e. (L2, L6 and L10) for salinity tolerance. The plants were irrigated by using saline water with different concentration (0, 50.100 and 150 mM NaCl) for 60 days. A pot experiment was conducted to achieve this study. Results indicated that increased salinity caused a significant reduction in percentage of fresh and dry weights of barley plants. Soil pH and EC values were increased as a salinity level of irrigation water increased. Soluble Na<sup>+</sup> concentration were increased with increasing NaCl levels, whereas Ca, Mg and K in soil were decrease as a result of increasing the concentration of NaCl in irrigation water. That is true for all landraces. In addition, the values of N, P and K content in barley landraces were decreased with increasing salinity levels. Also the N, P and K uptake were significant decreased by increasing salinity levels. Generally, the results clearly showed that landrace L2 had the highest salt tolerance compared with landraces L6 and L10.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43923_7d437074f514f69ba2618ce23d3a9ff5.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101EFFECT OF ALGAE AND COMPOST EXTRACTS ON SOME SOIL PROPRIETIES AND ITS PRODUCTIVITY UNDER LOW QUALITY IRRIGATION WATER IN NORTH NILE DELTA REGION136513764392410.21608/jssae.2015.43924ENM. AmerSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, A R C.M. AiadSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, A R C.S. RashedSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, A R C.Journal Article20151112Lysimeter experiments were conducted at Sakha Agric. Res. Station Farm, North Delta, during two successive summer growing seasons (2013 and 2014) to study the effect of algae and compost extracts on some soil proprieties and maize yield (<em>ZEA MAYS L.</em>) under irrigation by low water quality condition in North Delta. The experiments were designed as split- plot with three replicates. The main plots were occupied by sources of irrigation water as: fresh water (F), drainage water (D), well water (W ), blend, F+D (1.15 dS m<sup>-1</sup> at ratio of 1:1), F+W (2.01 dS m<sup>-1</sup> at ratio of 1:1), D+W (2.65 dS m<sup>-1</sup> at ratio of 1:1) and F+D+W (2.0dS m<sup>-1</sup> at ratio of 1:1:1). Sub plots were devoted to control, compost extract, algae extract and compost + algae extracts .The main results can be summarized as follows: Different irrigation water sources had a significant effect on increasing salinity of the soil after the harvesting of plants during the two growing seasons, compared to fresh water. Salinity of the soil was slightly increased by application of compost extract and /or algae extract and recorded highest values by compost extract + algae extract during the two growing seasons. Alkalinity of the soil was high significantly increased due to irrigation water sources during the two growing seasons. Salinity and alkalinity of the soil was high significantly increased due to the interaction between irrigation water sources and extracts of compost and algae, during the two growing seasons. Soil bulk density high significantly decreased and porosity high significant increased due to irrigation water sources, extracts of compost, algae and due to the interaction between the treatments, during the two growing seasons. Soil available N, P and K were high significantly increased in the combined treatments of compost and algae extracts than those under their sole application and control, during the two growing seasons. Soil available N, P and K was high significantly decreased with increasing the salinity of the irrigation water sources, during the two growing seasons. Consequently the effect of irrigation water types on N- available can be arranged in the following order D < D+W<F+D< F<F+D+E<F+W, W. Irrigation with fresh water (control) gave the highest yield compared to the other irrigation treatments with different levels of saline water, Grain yield was high significantly decreased due to increasing salinity of irrigation water sources during the two growing seasons. The effect of organic application on grain, straw yield and 100 grain weight can be arranged in the following order compost extract + algae extract <algae extract < compost extract <control. Grain, straw and 100gw of maize were high significantly increased due to the interactions effect between irrigation water types and organic application, during the two growing seasons.
- It can be advised to use well and drainage water in irrigation and mix them with Nile fresh water in safe ratios taking into consideration low quality water characteristics and their impact on soil and plant. The addition of some soil conditioners (60 liters of compost extract Fed.<sup>-1</sup> + 2kgm extract of algaeFed.<sup>-1</sup>), and use a large portion of the drainage water, and agricultural by-products can help as imperative to water deficit and soil improvement consequently, increased food production to face the population growth.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43924_0229d18874fbfdf39586f0041c0d0dfe.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101YIELD AND IRRIGATION WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF RICE ON RAISED BEDS, IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND AMMONIA GAS INJECTION AT NORTH NILE DELTA137713884392510.21608/jssae.2015.43925ENM. MahmoudSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20151116Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at Sakha Agriculture Research station, Kafr El-Sheikh (31° 07' N Latitude, 30° 57' E Longitude) at North Nile Delta, Egypt to study the effects of raised beds, irrigation intervals and ammonia gas injection levels on productivity of irrigation water (PIW) of rice. A split split plot design with four replications was used. Ammonia gas injection levels were devoted to the main plot, irrigation treatments were allocated in sub-plots and rice planting methods were arranged in sub sub-plots. Ammonia gas injection levels were 70 unit nitrogen N (F<sub>1</sub>), 80 units (F<sub>2</sub>) and 90 units (F<sub>3</sub>). Planting methods treatments were transplanting in flat, as a traditional method (M<sub>1</sub>), and transplanting in raised beds only (M<sub>2</sub>). Irrigation intervals were irrigation every four days after transplanting (I<sub>1</sub>), irrigation every six days after transplanting (I<sub>2</sub>), and irrigation every eight days after transplanting (I<sub>3</sub>). Results showed that there was no significant difference on GY between I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> while there were a significant difference on SY, BiomY and other yield component<span style="text-decoration: underline;">s</span> between I<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>2</sub> and I<sub>3</sub>. The highest values of SY, BiomY and other yield componen<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ts</span> were obtained from I<sub>2</sub> compared <span style="text-decoration: underline;">to</span> I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>3</sub>. As for planting treatments, GY, SY and BiomY increased by 20.8%, 40.4% and 31.7% respectively under M<sub>2</sub> compared with M<sub>1</sub>. There were no significant differences on GY and its attributes between F<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>3</sub> except SY and BiomY<strong>. </strong>
Mean values of water applied for M<sub>1</sub> received the highest amount of IWA to be 14338 m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> compared to M<sub>2</sub> which was 10443 m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The amount of water used in M<sub>2</sub> is a feasible amount to grow rice with a 27.2% saving of water. Higher value of PIW of I<sub>2</sub> proved its superiority over I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>3 </sub>treatments by 16% and 7%, respectively. Planting methods treatment M<sub>2</sub> increased NUE by 21% compared <span style="text-decoration: underline;">to</span> M<sub>1</sub>. The highest values of NUE were recorded for I<sub>1 </sub>and I<sub>2 </sub>without any significant differences between them whereas the lowest one was obtained from I<sub>3</sub>. Also, the highest mean value of NUE was obtained under F<sub>1</sub>whereas the lowest was under F<sub>3</sub>.
Therefore<strong>, </strong>M<sub>2</sub> could be applied by the farmers’ under irrigation interval of I<sub>2</sub> and 80 units N as ammonia gas injection (F<sub>2</sub>) <sub> </sub>because it saved irrigation water by 36% and increased NUE by 17% compared to M<sub>1 </sub>x I<sub>1</sub> x F<sub>1</sub> which in normally practiced in North Delta, Egypt, without any reductions in GY.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43925_47473b845d7fff278e28510e5107f4a0.pdfMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368561120151101EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON SOYBEAN PRODUCTION UNDER CLAYEY SOIL CONDITIONS138914054392710.21608/jssae.2015.43927ENA. OkashaAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric, Kafrelsheikh University, EgyptW. MetwallyAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.T. AttaffeyAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.Journal Article20151120Water is considered one of the most critical input resources for sustainable development at crop production. Selecting suitable irrigation system is very important to get high crop production and overcome water shortage. A field experiment was carried out at Rice Mechanization Center (RMC), Meet El-Deepa, and Kafer El–Sheikh Governorate during summer season 2014/2015 for soybean. The main aim of this research is to study the effect of different drip irrigation treatments on the productivity of soybean crop and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under clayey soil conditions. The field treatments were designed as a split plots experimental design. The main plots were operating pressure head levels of 6(P1), 5(P2), 4(P3), and 3 meter (P4).Sub-main plots were included continuous drip irrigation (C), two levels of pulse drip irrigation in 15 min on/15 min off (S1) and 20 min on/20min off (S2) with three replication. Furrow irrigation (Tf) was used as control treatment soybean productivity, irrigation water use efficiency IWUE, uniformity parameters, and some plant characteristics were conducted to evaluate the performance of irrigation system and operating pressures. The important results indicated that:
§ Pulsed drip irrigation achieved a good water distribution in clayey soil.
§ Soybean productivity was increased by the percentage of 24.9, 23.7, 19.3, 14.0, 1.2% comparing with (Tf) for P1S1, P1S2, P1C, P2S1, P2S2, respectively. Wherever, it was decreased by the percentage of 2.8, 3.6, 21.1, 26.5, 37.5, 47.7 % comparing with Tf for P2C, P3S1, P3S2, P3C, P4S1, P4S2, P4C, respectively.
§ The results showed that the highest values of IWUE and distribution uniformity were 0.54 kg/m3 at P1S1 treatment and 96.61% at 6m pressure operating head (P1).
§ Application of pulsed drip irrigation was more effective to improve the front wetting zone of clay soil.
§ In conclusion, pulse drip irrigation treatment of (15 min open/15 min close) and operating pressure head of 6m gave the best results.https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_43927_faad790ce913f7ca17f4ad0b3aa286bf.pdf