Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Challenges of Sustainable Land Management in Siwa Oasis: The Waterlogging Problem in the Newly Reclaimed Desert Land7197246981310.21608/jssae.2019.69813ENO. R.Abd EL-KawyDepartment of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.Journal Article20200203Accurate and frequent information about waterlogging problems is very necessary for the sustainable land management. The objectives of this research are to detect and mapping the vegetated and waterlogged areas in a newly reclaimed desert land in Siwa oasis, using remote sensing data and techniques; and suggest a future plan to solve the waterlogging problem. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) algorithms were applied on four Landsat images (2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018) to detect and map the vegetation and waterlogging states, respectively. The results of NDVI revealed that the cultivated land was increased by 2.3 times in nine years (2009-2018) due to private land reclamation process. The results of MNDWI indicated that the waterlogged area was increased remarkably by 21 times during nine years, where it increased remarkably from 19 ha in 2009 to 393 ha in 2018. The development of the waterlogged areas was most likely due to the increase in the surface water level of Lake Aghormy North of the study area, as well as the trapping of the agricultural drainage water and well-water overflow between the sand dune formations. This study recommended a strategy to solve the waterlogging problem, which include the establishment of a surface drainage network covering the study area. This network should be connected with a main drain at the Northern border of the study area. This strategy will enhance the drainage conditions and solve the waterlogging problem in the area.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Assessment of Water Erosion Hazards by Flash Floods Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Wadi Alhaytah Watershed in Wadi Natrun, Egypt7257316981410.21608/jssae.2019.69814ENO. R.Abd EL-KawyDepartment of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.Journal Article20200203Water erosion by flash floods is one of the major threats to the sustainable development and the environment. Recently, in Egypt, flash floods occurred frequently, causing loss of life and destruction of ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to assess the hazards of the November 5, 2015 flash flood in wadi Alhaytah watershed in Egypt using GIS and remote sensing, and develop a flood control strategy that reduces an unexpected flood risk. Two Sentinel-2 satellite images were selected for the study, which acquired on August 16 and November 14, 2015. The maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was applied on the two images to produce temporal land use/cover (LULC) maps. The hazards of the flash flood and water erosion were assessed through monitoring of LULC changes between the two dates. A flood control strategy was proposed for the watershed through a developed GIS procedure. Results indicated that the catchment area is characterized by remarkable variations in elevations and slopes. Assessment of flood hazards revealed that 32.23 km<sup>2</sup> (3223 ha) and 1.04 km<sup>2 </sup>(104 ha) of the cropland and fish farms, respectively, were removed or destroyed, which would affect the national agricultural production and food security. Therefore, fifty six suitable locations of storage dams were spatially proposed in the catchment area to mitigate unexpected floods, prevent loss of human and animal lives, decrease soil erosion, enhance soil moisture, and increase the yield of the existing aquifers, especially ground water is the only water resource available for agricultural development in the region.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Influence of Reflective Surface Type on Solar Energy Concentration Efficiency for Concave Solar Dishes7337397957110.21608/jssae.2019.79571ENA. ElkewayAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), ARC- Dokki – Giza - Egypt.Journal Article20200330Solar energy considered the most important renewable energies; one of the most important applications of solar energy is concentrating solar radiation by concave solar dishes to give thermal energy, which used in many purposes such as warming, heating water, and generating electricity. Therefore, it is important selecting reflective surface type to increase efficiency, and compromise between cost and efficiency. The current study aims to determine the most effective and efficient surface for three different surfaces to reflect solar radiation in thermal energy form, which absorbed by the water that flows in the spiral copper coil at focus area with three flow rates. The surface of nickel chrome gave higher temperatures and higher efficiency than aluminum foil and reflective glass surfaces. Where the average temperature of the receiver was 172 °C before water flow, 68 °C for outlet water from the spiral coil at flow rate 1.48 cm<sup>3</sup>/s when using the nickel chrome surface as a reflective surface.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Salicylic Acid is an Effective Eco-Friendly Technique7417467957210.21608/jssae.2019.79572ENM. OmarSoils department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, EgyptJournal Article20200330The rate of salicylic acid (SA) degradation in the experimented peat soil was conducted to determine the degradation by five concentrations of <sup>14</sup>C radioactive salicylic acid (i.e. 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 µM) at different time periods. Results showed that the rate of salicylic acid degradation increased as the concentration raised from 0.0001 to 10 mM. Thereafter, the rate of SA degradation increased slightly to reach about 28.7% after one week (168 h). In addition, a pot experiment was carried out at Bilqas city, Dakhalia Governorate during summer season of 2017 to study the effect of salicylic acid spraying on its translocation in lettuce (<em>Lactuca sativa L</em>.) tissues, as well as its effect on fresh yield and chemical analysis. Salicylic acid was sprayed at concentrations of 0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mM at pH values of 4 and 7 after one week from cultivation once a week, and stopped two weeks before harvesting. Further, spraying with salicylic acid at concentration of 0.01 mM was the best concentration on enhancing chlorophyll content, fresh weight yield, phosphorus and potassium concentrations, in addition, alleviation of free nitrate accumulation in lettuce tissues. Concerning the effect of pH value, it was noticed that pH value 7 was better than pH value 4 on enhancing chlorophyll content, fresh weight yield, phosphorus and potassium concentrations, while pH value 4 was better than pH 7 on alleviation of free nitrate accumulation in plant tissues. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Influence of Organic Manure, Natural Rocks and Putrescine on Yield and Quality of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Grown in Sand Soil7477587957310.21608/jssae.2019.79573ENGhada F. H.El-SherefSoil, Water and Environment Res., Inst. ARC, Giza, EgyptH. A.AwadallaSoil, Water and Environment Res., Inst. ARC, Giza, EgyptGihan A.MohamedSoil, Water and Environment Res., Inst. ARC, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200330Two field experiments were conducted in the newly reclaimed land at Private Farm located at Village No1, west of Beni-Mazzar district, El-Minia Governorate, Egypt in two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 to study the influence of farmyard manure (0.0, 24 and 48 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> ), natural rocks (0.0 and combined 720kg ha<sup>-1</sup> rock P with 960 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> feldspar), and putrescine (0.0 and foliar spraying of 10 µM putrescine) on growth parameters, i.e., plant height, number of branches plant<sup>-1 </sup>and fresh and dry herbs weight plant<sup>-1</sup>, yields (fresh and dry herbs yield ha<sup>-1</sup> ); essential oil percentage and yield as well as some chemical composition of basil leaves, i.e., N%, P%, K%, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids for sweet basil grown in sandy soil and irrigated with slightly saline water. The experimental design was factorial in completely randomized blocks with four replications. Results showed that increasing farmyard manure up to 48 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> resulted in high values of growth parameters, yields, oil percentage and yield and chemical composition of basil leaves. Using natural rocks improved all studied traits, except nitrogen concentration and pigments in basil leaves. Foliar spraying of putrescine was significantly enhanced all studied parameters, except N,P and K content. The treatment of 48 Mg ha-1 + natural rocks + putrescine gave the highest values of basil quality and quantity of herb yield. Moreover, organic manure improved soil reaction, soil organic matter as well as soil available N,P and K in soil after harvesting basil plants, while it increased soil salinity. Natural rocks and putrescine application did not affect all studied soil properties after harvest, except soil available P and K which increased due to natural rocks application. Results of this research confirmed that a combination of organic manure, some natural rocks and putrescine could be considered as a suitable replacement of inorganic fertilizer for improving soil properties and consequently crop yield and quality.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Evaluation of Land Capability and Suitability Crop Production: Case Study in Halaib and Shalatien Region, South East Desert of Egypt7597697957410.21608/jssae.2019.79574ENHeba S. A.RashedSoil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha University, EgyptF. O.HassanNational Authority for remote sensing and Space Science (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20200330The current study was carried out on the soils of Halaib and Shalatien to estimate their capability and suitability for growing some crops (maize, wheat, alfalfa, potato, sugar beet, citrus, peach and olive). The studied area lies between latitudes 22 ˚ 20 `10`` and 22 ˚ 45 ` 11.5`` N, and longitudes 35 ˚ 55 ` 4.4`` to 36 ˚ 21 ` 4.6`` E. For this purpose, 17 soil profiles were dag and collect of soil samples. The soils were classified as Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torripsamments, Lithic Torriorthents and Typic Haplosalids. The geomorphologic units of Halaib and Shalatienregion are divided into three groups: (1) Bahada Plains (alluvial fans and deltas, alluvial plains, wadis, sand sheets, sand dunes and plains with rock outcrops), (2) Coastal Forms (alkali flats), and (3) Faulted Mountains and Hills (mountains, mountain foot slopes, hills and hill foot slopes). The Automated Land Evaluation System program (ALES program) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to evaluate the land suitability in the studied area. Rock land and sand dunes occupied 57.68% of the total area. According to ALES program, the capability of the lands in the study area are grouped into four classes; Class (3) occupied 8.46% of the study area and represented by alluvial fans and deltas mapping units, Class (4) occupied 24.72% of the study area and included alluvial plains, wadis and sand sheets mapping units, Class (5) occupied 7.82% of the study area and included plain with rock outcrops and sand dunes mapping units and Class (6) occupied 1.16% of the study area and represented by only one soil map unit (Alkali flats). According to ALES program, the suitability of the study area classified into four classes: high suitability class (S2) occupying 16.39% of the study area, moderate suitability class (S3) occupying 13.27% of the study area, marginal suitability class (S4) occupying 8.26% of the study area, no suitability class (S5) occupying 3.23% of the study area. The main limitation factors for crop production in the studied area were soil texture, depth and salinity. These limitations are none permanent and can be improved through applied appropriate management practices.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Assessment of Land Degradation Risk in El-minufiya Governorate, Egypt7717807957510.21608/jssae.2019.79575ENHeba S. A.RashedSoil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha University, EgyptJournal Article20200330El-Minufiya Governorate represents the traditional agriculture in the Nile Delta of Egypt and includes old cultivated and newly reclaimed soils; it represents an area of 217160 ha. GIS and remote sensing are integrated to determine the risk of soil degradation in the studied area. Fifteen soil profiles have been described and collected samples. There were two landscapes: flood plain and aeolian plain. The main landforms are levees (L), overflow mantles (O), overflow basins (B1), decantation basins (B2), recent river terraces (R1 high, R2 moderate and R3 low), turtle backs (T) and sand sheets (S). Compaction (C), water logging (W), Salinization (S) and alkalinization (A), are the main degradation hazards in the studied area and the rate of hazards was low to very high. Soils affected by very high hazard of salinity represented 16.70%, of the total area. The very high hazard of compaction was present in 35.15% of the total area as a result of human activities, inadequate soil management, and using heavy machinery. Soils affected by a high hazard of salinity, compaction and water logging represented 14.66%, 3.60% and 20.50% of the total area, respectively. Moderate hazard of salinity, sodicity, compaction and water logging represented 36.50%, 33.70%, 34.00% and 79.50% of the total area, respectively. A simple model was used to estimate land degradation risk, based on an equation by FAO/UNEP model. A portion of 39.60% of area has a very high chemical degradation and low physical degradation risk in L, B2, R1 and R2 mapping units. The area of low chemical degradation and moderate physical degradation class is 17.00% of study area in T and S mapping units. The area of low physical and chemical degradation is 32.80% of study area in O, B1 and R3. Changes of land use/land cover classes during 1987 to 2018 indicate urban sprawl. Most of soils in the study area showed several categories of land use/land cover change due to agriculture activities and urban growth.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Impact of Magnetic Water on Soil Fertility and Faba Bean Productivity under Reducing Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Salt aAffected Soils.7817868513110.21608/jssae.2019.85131ENM. HozaynField Crop Research Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Behouth St., (Former El-Tahrir St.) 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.E. M.RashwanSoil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Research Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, El-Gama St., Giza, Egypt.M. M.OthmanSoil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Research Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, El-Gama St., Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200423This study aims to optimize of P fertilizers unit and alleviation soil salinity stress using irrigation with magnetic water. Two field trial using faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.; Variety Giza 843), were conducted at Agricultural Experimental Research Station of Tag El-ezz, Agricultural Research Centre, El-Mansoura Province, El-Dakhalia Governorate, Egypt during two successive winter seasons of 2015/16 and 2016/17. The experiment treatments were included two irrigation water treatment (normal and magnetized water) and three doses of P fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% from recommended P application). The two factors were layout in split plot design with three replicates, where the water and P fertilizers treatments were located randomly in the main and subplot respectively. The obtained results indicated that irrigation faba bean plants with magnetic-water treatment surpassed significantly irrigation with un-magnetized water under all dosses of P fertilizers in all recorded parameters except N and Na concentration in soil. Regarding irrigation with magnetic water, the increasing reached 21.45, 24.24 and 40.17% in plant height (cm), fresh plant weight (g) and seed yield (g plant<sup>-1</sup>) at harvest compared to irrigation with un-magnetized water of both seasons. As well as the improvements in concentration of N, P and K, Ca and Mg in seeds reached 19.01, 79.59, 49.43, 22.18, and 10.06 % respectively compared to irrigation with un-magnetized water. Finally, irrigation with magnetic water and P fertilizer at rate of 100% from recommended application is considered as most suitable treatment for obtaining the highest yield of faba bean under these experimental conditions. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Low-Quality Water and Water Movement in Flooded Rice Soil7877918513610.21608/jssae.2019.85136ENEnas, M.S.Soils Dept., Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt0000-0003-4881-8779M. M.MansourSoils Dept., Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20200423A field experiment was conducted in the experimental station, Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., Egypt, on rice crop <em>(Oryza sativa L.)</em> to evaluate the ability of soil degradation resist as a result of low water quality and farmyard manure application. The experiment involved nine treatments, three irrigation waters quality (tap water, saline sodic water and saline water) and three rates of farmyard manure (0, 5 and 10 ton fed<sup>-1</sup>). The experiment was designed in split plot design. The results illustrated that the highest fresh and dry weight was recorded with the soil irrigated by tap water followed by saline water and amended with FYM rates 10 and 5 ton fed<sup>-1</sup>. These results may be attributed to the increase in soil physical properties i.e. saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), mean pore diameter (MPD), bulk density (BD) and pore size distribution (PSD). Furthermore, the addition of FYM increased the soil content of organic carbon (SOC) which considered the main reason in improving the soil physical properties in combination with the good chemical composition of irrigation water (Ca<sup>+2</sup> more than Na<sup>+</sup>).Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Evaluation of Spatial Variability of Some Soil Properties and Fertility Status Using Nutrient Index and GIS in Bilqas District, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt7938037957610.21608/jssae.2019.79576ENM. E.El-SeedySoils Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.Journal Article20200330Tracking changes of spatial variability is important to know soil fertility status. A study was conducted to explore the spatial variability of soil properties using GIS, fertility status using nutrient index and changes of spatial variability comparative with a previous study in Bilqas District, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The studied area covers about 684 km<sup>2</sup>. Accordingly, eleven surface soil samples were collected according to the previous study locations using GPS. The obtained results indicated that, the spatial variability maps of soil properties changed from site to other and from time to other. When comparing the spatial variability of soil properties between the current and previous study, it was observed a decreasing in BD, available NP and CEC in the current study. While, there are a increasing in EC, pH, OM, available K, C/N ratio and ESP. In general, the higher values of clay, exchangeable Ca and Mg, OM, TN, C/N ratio, CEC and ESP were observed in the southern parts of the studied area. In contrary, the lower values of sand, silt, exchangeable K and Na, bulk density, EC and pH were monitor in the southern parts, while the lower values of available NPK were observed in northern parts. Soil fertility status evaluation using nutrient index was low according to TN and available N. While, it was medium according to salt index and exchangeable Ca. Additionally, soil fertility status was high according to soil reaction index, OM, available P, available K, CEC, C/N ratio, exchangeable K, Na and Mg.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Generating The Electrical Energy from Sea Waves8058137957710.21608/jssae.2019.79577ENAhmed MohebSherifAgric. Eng., Mans. Univ.0000-0003-4115-8739H. E.El-MorsAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mans. Univ.Z. E.IsmailAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mans. Univ.Journal Article20200330The wide coverage and the untapped tremendous energy amount stored by the oceans makes the harness of ocean waves for electricity-generating is promising. Most techniques of wave energy converters (WECs) include a pneumatic or hydraulic interface between the wave converter and the electric generator for electricity-producing smoothly. But, a direct power take-off interface may be a way of increasing the capture and converting efficiency of wave power. This study was carried out to design, manufacture, performance analysis, and evaluation of capture and transforming wave energy efficiency for a new model of a single-axis wave energy converter (WEC) that extracts wave energy directly by a mechanical power take-off interface. Eventually, the study concluded that there is a specific configuration of the converter fits each wave condition for optimum performance that able to work by the efficiency of 10% to capture and convert the wave power. Also, the optimum performance for a selected place for installing the device should be performed starting at the design stage. One of the major condition in the design stage of the proposed WEC unit for the optimum performance is that the appropriate length of the WEC buoy (i.e., the length that is parallel to the wavelength propagation direction), should be designed with a length is equal or among (29.4 to 33.3 %) of the prevailing wavelengths.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Organic Fertilizers Derived from Farm By-Products for Sustainable Agriculture. – A Review8158197957810.21608/jssae.2019.79578ENSaioof H –KattoofSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, (Egypt)A. M.El-GhamrySoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, (Egypt)K. F.FoudaSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, (Egypt)Sally F.Abo El-EzzSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, (Egypt)Journal Article20200330The purpose of this research was to replace the term of “Agricultural Wastes" by the term “Agricultural By-products", since waste is a word indicates to a material useless that usually cannot be recycled or reused again. However, agricultural by-products are not only important in the agricultural field, but also important for the production of wharf, black coal, fuel and others. The usage of agricultural by-products become of important concern in the field of fertilization through composting such as agricultural by-products beside of reclamation of the desert soils which suffer from their low organic matter content. Furthermore, organic by-product can be used for mulshing which can reduce of loss of water by evapotranspiration. Moreover, tendency, towards organic agriculture and sustainable became agriculture amecessty to maintain soils fertility, safety, health and consequently the agricultural environment. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Evaluate the Effect of Green Fertilizer and Two Sources of Potassium on Growth , Yield , some Chemical Constituents of Roselle Plants (Cv. Sabaheia 17) and the Availability of Macronutrients in Soil after Harvest8218327957910.21608/jssae.2019.79579ENHanan M.Abu El-FotohSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptLamyaa A.Abd El-RahmanSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptSamia M. S.El-KalawySoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200330A field experiment was carried at El-Gemmeiza Agric. Res. Station, El-Gharbihya Governorate, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the effect of green fertilizer (faba bean) and two sources of potassium (mineral potassium sulphate (KS) 48 % K<sub>2</sub>O) or natural feldspar (KF) 10.6 % K<sub>2</sub>O with three levels 50, 75 and 100 % of the recommended rate (RR) beside untreated (control treatment) on growth, yield, sepals chemical constituents and the availability of macronutrients in soil after harvest of Roselle plants (cv. Sabaheia 17) under clay soil conditions. Fourteen treatments were carried out including the combinations of two levels of green fertilizers and six potassium fertilizes, while control treatments contain no fertilizers. A RCBD using a split plot was applied. Results revealed that growth and yield traits of Roselle plants including plant height, number of branches/plant, total dry weight/plant, fruit weight/plant, number of fruit/plant, seed weight/plant, sepals fresh and dry weight per plant and fed. and total yield of seeds/fed., leaf total chlorophyll and carotenoides, anthocyanin concentration, total carbohydrates, total acidity and P percentage in sepals were markedly improved when the green fertilizer combined with fertilizing with 75 % of the recommended Potassium rate (RR) in the form of feldspar (KF) (10.6 % K<sub>2</sub>O) equal 530.65 kg /fed., was applied.The interaction between green fertilizer and fertilizing with 100 % RR in the form of KF possessed the greatest availability of N, P, K, pH and EC in the soil after harvest.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Contribution of Groundwater to Wheat-Water Needs as Affected with Irrigation Scheduling in North Nile Delta8338407958010.21608/jssae.2019.79580ENMona EL-MansourySoils, Water and Environment Research Institute. Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.I. M.Abdel-FattahSoils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.M. M.KassabSoils, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200330Contribution of groundwater and the utilization of applied water are an effective ways in connection with water saving and increasing crop water productivity. A field experiment was conducted at Sakha Experimental Farm, Kafr ElSheikh Governorate, North Nile Delta area, Egypt during the two successive growing seasons of 2016/17 and 2017/18 to investigate the effect of irrigation scheduling i.e. irrigation amount and irrigation interval on wheat growth (cv. Sakha 93), yield, its components and crop – water relations. Split- plot design was used, the main plots were assigned to three levels of irrigation intervals; two, three and four weeks, while the sub-plots were three levels of irrigation; irrigation to field capacity + 10%, irrigation to field capacity and irrigation to field capacity - 10%. The obtained results revealed that the highest values of growth traits and the highest yield of wheat were obtained when plants were irrigated till field capacity - 10%. The highest values of both applied and consumed water were recorded under the same treatment, but it produced the lowest values of water efficiencies. It is recommended that irrigation every four weeks till field capacity - 10% resulted in an average contribution of groundwater of 30.52% in the North Middle Nile Delta, Egypt. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Intercropping Pattern on Growth, Yield, Quality of Green Onion, Lettuce and some Water Relations in North Nile Delta Region8418507967910.21608/jssae.2019.79679ENR. Kh.DarweshSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), ARC, Egypt.D. Kh.FarragHorticulture Research Institute, ARC, EgyptE. A.MoursiHorticulture Research Institute, ARC, EgyptJournal Article20200331Two field trials were performed at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate, during the two winter seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19 to study the influence of irrigation scheduling; traditional watering (I1), irrigation at 1.2(I2), 1.0(I3) and 0.8(I4) of accumulative pan evaporation(APE) and four systems of sole and intercropping pattern; sole green onion <em>cv</em>. Giza 6(P1), sole lettuce <em>cv</em>. Balady(P2), 2green onion : 1 lettuce(P3) and 1 green onion : 2 lettuce(P4) in a split plot design with four replications. Data indicated that the highest values for seasonal applied water (AW) and water consumptive use (CU) were registered under irrigation treatment(I2). For water consumptive use efficiency (Ecu%), the highest values were recorded under treatment (I1). productivity of irrigation water (PIW) and water productivity (WP) were clearly impacted by irrigation treatments, intercropping patterns in addition crop type where the highest values also recorded I2 besides P4. The results also revealed that yield, yield component and quality parameters for green onion; plant height, fresh weight of leaves, plant weight, leaf area/ plant, chlorophyll content and total yield as well as lettuce; plant height, leaf area/ plant, chlorophyll content, plant weight, head weight, diameter and total yield increased with increasing irrigation applied water. On contrary, for crop pattern the highest values for yield component recorded under sole crop but the total yield recorded under 1:2green onion- lettuce planting pattern. For gross return and increasing income was attained I2 besides P4. Land equivalent ratio (LER) exhibited higher values with I1 besides P4.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Impact of Reflectors on Photovoltaic Panel Performance8518567968010.21608/jssae.2019.79680ENM. I.Elmeadawy,Agric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), ARC- Dokki – Giza - Egypt.I. M.El-SybaeeAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), ARC- Dokki – Giza - Egypt.A. I.Abd-ElhakimAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), ARC- Dokki – Giza - Egypt.Journal Article20200331A photovoltaic panel (PV) is a practical method to produce electrical energy from solar light. The solar conversion efficiency of PV panels is still low, improving it wills makes great differs of PV panels used. However, the efficiency of PV panels can be improved in many ways. One of them is to connect reflectors with PV panel. So, the aim of this research is to study the effect of three types flat reflectors (Nickel Chrome reflector; NCR, Aluminum sheet reflector; ASR and reflective glass reflector, RGR) connected with both sides of PV panels at four different tilts angles (30, 45, 60 and 90<sup>o</sup>) on the intensity of solar radiation falling per different periods of times and to determine the impact and performance of the PV panels output. Generally, the maximum daily average of solar radiation flux incident on the PV panel (from 8:00 to 17:30) was 828.93 W.h/m<sup>2</sup> for NCR at a reflector angle of 30<sup>o</sup> (RA<sub>30</sub>) and the corresponded percentage increment compared to the control panel was 24.98 %. Also, at zero shade periods (ZSP) from 10:30 to 13:30, the maximum daily average value of total power was 0.758 kW, which represents 74.61 % of the daily total power for NCR at RA<sub>90</sub>. The highest PV panel temperature was recorded for PV panel with NCR at RA<sub>90</sub>. The rate of increase in the power resulting from the reflectors is much greater than the amount of loss of power resulting from the rise in temperature.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Incorporated Use Impact of Organic, Bio and Mineral Fertilizers on Potato (Solanum tuberosum. L) Productivity and Quality8578657968110.21608/jssae.2019.79681ENT. M. EL-ZeherySoil Sci. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., Egypt.Journal Article20200331A field experiment was implemented in 2015/2016 winter season at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, to study the effect of organic, biological and mineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of potato plant. The experimental design was split-plot design with four replicates. The main treatment (control=without organic and bio(O<sub>0</sub>B<sub>0</sub>)- Organic fertilizer(O<sub>1</sub>B<sub>0</sub>)- bio-fertilizer(O<sub>0</sub>B<sub>1</sub>)- organic fertilizer+bio-fertilizer(O<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>) while the sub-main treatment was mineral fertilization at rates of (100%,75% and 50%of fertilizer recommendation dose). The obtained results were: Biological and organic fertilization (B<sub>1</sub>O<sub>1</sub>)+75% of mineral fertilization resulted in a significant increase in the yields of fresh and dry weight, 17100 and 3099.38 kg.fed<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Also, (B<sub>1</sub>O<sub>1</sub>) led to a significant increase in the (%) of N,P and K in potato tubers, where it gave the highest content of nutrients 1.03, 0.4788 and 2.3%, respectively. While 100% of NPK fertilizers led to a significant increase in the N,P and K percentage(%), they were 0.92, 0.3667 and 1.97%, respectively. There were insignificant differences between the means of B<sub>1</sub>O<sub>1</sub>+75% and B<sub>1</sub>O<sub>1</sub>+100%. Therefore, the treatment of bio+ organic fertilizers with 75% of mineral fertilizers may be simulated with the treatment of 100% of mineral fertilizers, it means that may be saving in mineral fertilization by 25%. With regard to the quality parameters for potato, it was found that for total soluble solids (TSS), protein%, starch%, and %dry matter, the effect of treatment of organic+bio-fertilization (B<sub>1</sub>O<sub>1</sub>) together was the best treatment for the quality characteristics as well as 100% of the recommended fertilizers dose.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Mechanical Behavior of Apricot and Cherry Pits under Compression Loading8678727968210.21608/jssae.2019.79682ENA. M.MousaFaculty of Agricultural Engineering, Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo - Egypt.H. G.GhanemFaculty of Agricultural Engineering, Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo - Egypt.Journal Article20200331This study was conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of apricot and cherry pits under compression loading along the three axial dimensions of the pits. The mechanical behavior was expressed in terms of force required to rupture of the pit, deformation at rupture point, deformation ratio (strain), energy absorbed and toughness. Also; masses and geometrical properties (axial dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and volume) of these pits were determined. These properties are necessary to design of cracking machines and knowledge amount of force and energy requirements for cracking operation. All experiments were carried out at moisture content of 9.81 and 12.92 %, (d.b.) for apricot and cherry pits, resp. The results showed that; the highest values of rupture force, deformation and energy required to crack the apricot pit were at loading position through the length axis, while; the lowest values were through the width axis, whereas; the highest values of rupture force, deformation and energy required to crack the cherry pit were at loading position through the thickness axis, while; the lowest values were through the width axis. In conclusion; the results obtained of the mechanical behavior of apricot and cherry pits indicated that; the compression through the width axis can be recommended for cracking process with minimum force and energy requirements.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Soil Physicochemical Properties, Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat - Maize Yields under Clay Soil Conditions as Affected by Rice Straw and Compost Application8738817968310.21608/jssae.2019.79683ENB. El-GamalSoil, Water and Environm., Resea., Inst. (SWERI), Agricu., Resea., Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.M. I.BadawiSoil, Water and Environm., Resea., Inst. (SWERI), Agricu., Resea., Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.M. M.El-KafrawySoil, Water and Environm., Resea., Inst. (SWERI), Agricu., Resea., Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200331Two field experiments were implemented at El-Gemmieza Agric., Res. Station, Agric., Res., Center in El Gharbiah Governorate, Egypt through (2017/2018) seasons to investigate the impact of rice straw and compost application on soil physicochemical properties, water use efficiency and production of both wheat and maize yields. The design of experiment was complete randomized blocks design with three replicates, the experiment comprises the following treatments: T<sub>1</sub>: (control), T<sub>2</sub>: 2.50 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(RS), T<sub>3</sub>: 5.00 t ha<sup>-1 </sup> (RS), T<sub>4</sub>: 5.00 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(C), T<sub>5</sub>: 2.50 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(RS) + 5.00 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (C) and T<sub>6</sub>: 5.00 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(RS) + 5.00 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(C). Results showed that the applied of all organic treatments improved organic carbon, total N, C/N ratio and pH in soil when in all sample that was taken monthly at (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180,210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days from incubation rice straw and compost as compared to control treatment. Results show that applied T<sub>6</sub> gave the best values of total porosity and hydraulic conductivity but the bulk density decreased than other treatments. The same trend was noticed concerning application T<sub>6</sub> treatment which improved crops and water use efficiency of both wheat and maize as well as increased content (%) and uptake (Kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) of nitrogen, Phosphors, and potassium of grains and straw of both wheat - maize crops as compared to other treatments. It seems that the characteristics parameters of soil and plants has followed the sequence T<sub>6</sub>> T<sub>5</sub> > T<sub>4</sub>> T<sub>3</sub> > T<sub>2</sub>> T<sub>1</sub>.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Environmental Impact Assessment of Organic and Conventional Agriculture8838887968910.21608/jssae.2019.79689ENM. M.ElkholySoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, ARCGehan H.Abd El AzizSoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, ARCWafaa A.HafezSoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, ARCShreen S.AhmedSoils, Water and Environment Res. Institute, ARCJournal Article20200331The target of this search is to identify the environmental conditions of the traditional and organic farms to protect natural ecosystems to minimize environmental pollution and save sustainable productivity. Farms under study were organic and conventional. Samples were collected from organic and conventional farms located in Cairo - Alexandria Desert Road and Cairo - Fayoum Desert Road.A total of 21 samples of fruits (Red grapes, yellow grapes, Pear, Orange); vegetables (Garlic, Onion, Cabbage, Alfalfa, Pea, Bean,Tomato,and Cucumber); Medical and aromatic plants (Mint, Lemon grass, Chamomile,Chrysanthemum, Fennel); Cereal (Wheat, Maize, Sorghum) and Oil crop (Sesame) were collected randomly from different farms during year 2017.Desirable substances (sugar, vit c, phenol and flavonoid) were determined. Undesirable substances [Gibbrillic acid (Gib), α- naphthalene acetic acid (α-NAA); naphthalene acetamide (NAD);6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA); 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and Ethephon (Eth)] residue compared with Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) were determined. Data indicated that organically grown crops (fruits, vegetables and medical aromatic plant) had a higher nutritional value (sugar, vit c, phenol and flavonoid) compared to non-organically grown crops. The results observed that the content of protein in organic crops was lower than inorganic crops. Data showed that conventional crops had higher values of synthetic growth regulators than organic crops. It was found that 58.6% of the traditional and 5.3% of organic sample exceeded the MRL values, while 25.16% of the traditional and 21.6% of the organic samples had measurable residues at the MRL value, whereas 8.2% of the traditional and 73.0% of the organic sample have measurable residue below the MRL value.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Effect of Mineral Fertilizers and Biofertilization on some Soil Properties and Faba Bean Productivity under Saline Soil Conditions8898977969210.21608/jssae.2019.79692ENM. M. N.KhalilSoil Sci. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., EgyptJournal Article20200331In winter 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons, two field experiments were carried out in Gelbana village, at private farm, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of 50% and 25% of NPK addition rates recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture (40 kg N fed.<sup>-1</sup>, 100 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and 70 kg K<sub>2</sub>O fed.<sup>-1 </sup>) using biofertilization with <em>Rhiobium radiobacter </em>sp. Strain (fixed nitrogen),<em> Bacillus megatherium</em> as (dissolving phosphate bacteria) and <em>Bacillus circulans</em> (enhancing potassium availability) on some soil properties and faba bean yield, yield attributes and chemical composition content of two faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.) cultivars. <em>i.e.,</em> Nubaria 1 and Masr 3. 100-seed weight gave the highest value (98.85 g) when plants of Misr 3 treated with full NPK fertilizer recommended dose + biofertilization. Pod yield, N, P and K content as well as N, P and K-uptake by faba bean (Nubaria1) seeds gave the maximum values under Biofertilization + full NPK fertilizer recommended dose (full-RD). Seed yield and protein content were increased significantly and gave the highest values due to the treatment of Biofertilization + 75% of NPK fertilizer (¾RD) for Nubaria1 plants. Highest yield efficiency (97.25%) was obtained due to Biofertilization + 75% of NPK fertilizer (¾RD) for Misr3 plants. Fertilized treatments in combination with biofertilization decreased values of soil EC and pH and increased soil available N, P and K content after harvest when plants treated with Biofertilization + full NPK-RD which was ascendant to the other treatments and gave the highest with Misr 3 variety.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Development of Tractor Front Mounted Mower for Harvest Wheat Crop8999067969310.21608/jssae.2019.79693ENA. M. O.EL-AshkarResearcher, Agric. Eng. Res. Institute, Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt.Journal Article20200331The main objective of this research was to fabricate and evaluate a new design of tractor front mounted mower to improve its performance, reduce harvesting costs (operation cost and losses cost) and to minimize energy consumption. The machine was locally fabricated to suit the small and medium Egyptian farmers, the performance of the developed machine was evaluated under four different tractor forward speeds (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 km/h) and four different conveyor belt speeds (1, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 m/sec) at 45º of conveyor belt angle with horizontal level and constant speed of the P.T.O at 540 rpm. The traditional mower was evaluated to compare its performance with the developed mower at the same previous four forward speeds, also the same conveyor belt speeds with conveyor chain in the other front mower and used tilting angle of 90º with vertical level. The maximum effective field capacity was 1.34 fed/h, the minimum total grain losses, operating cost and specific energy consumed were 0.8%, 61.5 L.E/fed and 9.5 kW.h/fed compared to 1.04 fed/h, 1.5%, 80 L.E/fed and 13 kW.h/fed for traditional machine at the optimum operating parameters of 4.5 km/h forward speed, conveyor belt, chain speed 1.6 m/s and conveyor belt, chain angle 45, 90º respectively. The cutting efficiencies for the developed and traditional machine were acceptable.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Development A Knapsack Sprayer Powered by Photovoltaic Panel9079127969410.21608/jssae.2019.79694ENM. A.AboegelaAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Giza, Egypt.M. I.Elmeadawy,Agric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), ARC- Dokki – Giza - Egypt.I. M.El-SebaeeAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Giza, Egypt.W. B.Al FakhranyAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200331Spraying pesticides are important to protect crops from insects consequently to obtain the highest production yield. The manual or battery knapsack sprayers are dominant in the Egyptian market. However, the first type depends on the operator skill and for the second type; the battery charge is not constant throughout the operating period. Therefore, the research aimed to develop a knapsack sprayer powered by solar energy that operates throughout the day at constant flow rate pressure. This was achieved by manufacturing the developed sprayer from local materials, and by providing it with a solar pump powered by a battery, the photovoltaic panel and an electronic circuit in which the spray pressure can be controlled from 0 to 4 bars. The amount of pesticide can be controlled according to the age of the plant, as well as, the uniformity of pesticide distribution identified using constant pressure throughout the spray period and thus ensuring the fairness of pesticide distribution and not relying on lobar experience. The results indicated that the number of operating hours for the developed sprayer reaches more than 8 hours per day with constant pressure compared to using the battery-powered sprayer only, which operates from 1.5 to 3 hours only with no pressure stability at a flow rate 600 to 1000 ml/min. On the economic side, the cost of spraying from the developed sprayer is 54.37 L.E/fed compared with (102.50 and 79.70 LE /fed) for manually sprayer and battery sprayer, respectively. Therefore, a developed sprayer is high economic and practical value in the agricultural sector.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-3685101220191201Utilization of The Tractor Hydraulic Device to Operate Reciprocating Mowers9139187969710.21608/jssae.2019.79697ENO. A.FoudaAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.M. A.AwadAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.Y. R.YusufAgric. Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200331Due to the ease and excellence of the hydraulic transmission, this research is concerned to transmit power from tractor to a reciprocating mower using a hydraulic cycle. The theoretical consideration and the previous results from different studies were used to determine a suitable of a hydraulic motor, which give a sufficient torque needed to cutting different stems. Field experiments were performed on clover crop "M.C" of 25.92%, w.b., to evaluate the performance of the developed mower. At forward speeds of 0.89, 1.29, 1.42 and 1.72 m/s and knife speeds of 2.2, 2.6 and 2.9 m/s. Results showed that, after development operation, the consumed power and actual cutting height decreased by 17.32% and 10% respectively at forward speed of 1.72 m/s with cutting knife speed of 2.2 m/s. Furthermore, the actual field capacity increased by 9% under the same previous variables. To achieve the highest efficiency of cutting height, which is 90.2%, it is recommended to operate the cutting knife at a speed of 2.9 m/s with a forward speed of 0.89 m/s for developed mower.