Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601SOLAR STORAGE WALL UTILIZATION FOR POLYETHYLENE GREENHOUSES AS A PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEM6991700910072710.21608/jssae.2009.100727ENA. S. El-SayedAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Suez-Canal Univ., Ismailia.A. A. HassanainAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Suez-Canal Univ., Ismailia.I. H. ElSheikhAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Suez-Canal Univ., Ismailia.S. S. KishkAgric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Suez-Canal Univ., Ismailia.Journal Article20090520Trials were carried out to overcome the greenhouse air temperature drop within the cold nights of winter season, which affects the greenhouse crop production. Two different cheap materials of adobe and red brick were used as solar storage walls inside gable-uneven span type greenhouses. The greenhouses that comprised storage walls were compared with a control trial greenhouse without storing wall. Consequently the control greenhouse was compared with an open field testing. Soil covers were appliedto study the effect of mulching on the soil heating under the effect of the solar storage wall presence. Crop residues of 5 cm thick, black plastic mulch of 0.2 mm thick were compared with the bare soil without covers.
Investigations were carried out through the period from 30<sup>th</sup> November 2004 till 22<sup>nd</sup> of February 2005. Effect of warming up the interior microclimate and soil of the greenhouses on the squash crop (Nile variety) production was examined. The following points were considered in the study: effect of the presence of the storage wall on the soil depth temperature, the storage wall thermal efficiency, crop production for each cultivation system and cost estimation
It was found that, squash seeds germination, plants length, number of flowers for each plant squash crop production and the dry weight inside the greenhouse with storage wall trial were greater than that inside the control one with and the open field test. The Trombe wall increased the inside air temperature by 2.2 <sup>o</sup>C and 2.6 <sup>o</sup>C above that without storage wall when using the Trombe wall of adobe and red brick, respectively.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601PROPERTIES OF SOME YEMENI SOILS AND PLANTS' NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY WITHIN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOIL DEPTH خصائص بعض الترب اليمنية وجاهزية عناصرها الغذائية للنبات لأعماق مختلفة7011702310072810.21608/jssae.2009.100728ENA. M. A. AlmosawaSoil and Water Department, Faculty of Agric. Sanaa Univ.N. M. AlmaghrebiSoil and Water Department, Faculty of Agric. Sanaa Univ.Journal Article20090521يهدف البحث لدراسة الترب المنتشرة في بعض المحافظات اليمنية (صنعاء وذمار وإب وتعز) التي تمثل ترب المناطق الجبلية وترب محافظة (حضرموت) التي تمثل ترب المناطق الهضبية وأخيراً ترب محافظتي (لحج والحديدة) التي تمثل ترب المناطق الساحلية. و لقد تم التوصل إلى النتائج التالية:-
1)- انخفاض رطوبة التربة في کل ترب المناطق اليمنية المدروسة بزيادة عمق التربة حيث أنخفض المتوسط الرطوبي (%) من 2.3 للعمق (0-15 سم) إلى 1.1 في العمق (15-30 سم).
2)- تميز قوام الترب اليمنية بزيادة نعومته بزيادة عمق التربة، کما تباين قوام الترب حسب اختلاف المحافظة فقد تفاوت قوام التربة بين رملي (Sandy) في محافظة لحج في حين کان قوام ترب محافظتي إب وتعز أکثر نعومة وکان قوام تربها مزيجي – سلتي.
3)- دلت نتائج تقدير تفاعل التربة(pH)و ملوحتها(EC)وأيضاً محتواها من المواد الصلبة الذائبة الکلية(TDS)في ترب کل المناطق والمحافظات المدروسة أنها کانت مناسبة لزراعة ونمو معظم المحاصيل الزراعية والخضروات والفواکه. کما تميزت الترب اليمنية بانخفاض ملوحتها بزيادة عمق التربة.
4)- دلت النتائج عموماً على أن الترب اليمنية تعتبر فقيرة بالمادة العضوية، حيث بلغ المتوسط العام لکل الترب اليمنية المدروسة حوالي (0.78%).
5)- أن ترب المناطق الجبلية في اليمن احتوت على أعلى نسبة من کربونات الکالسيوم (16.0 %)، تلتها ترب المناطق الهضبية (9.3 %) في حين احتوت ترب المناطق الساحلية على أقل کمية بلغت حوالي (7.2%). وکانت ترب محافظة ذمار ذات محتوى مرتفع نسبياً من(CaCO3)وذلک مقارنة بباقي المحافظات اليمنية المدروسة. کما اختلفت نسبة کربونات الکالسيوم باختلاف آفاق القطاع الأرضي.
6)- أن الترب اليمنية وبخاصة ترب صنعاء تحتوي على نسبة عالية من القواعد المتبادلة تتراوح بين (71.9–84.2%) وذلک لکل طبقات التربة المختلفة ولوحظ تناقصها مع زيادة العمق. ولوحظ أن نسبة الصوديوم المتبادل في مختلف آفاق ترب إب بلغ ضعف مقدارها في أي منطقة من المحافظات الأخرى المشمولة بهذه الدراسة.
7)- محتوى الترب اليمنية المدروسة من النيتروجين الکلي ضمن المدى المعتاد. ولوحظ إرتفاع محتوى الطبقة الثانية من النيتروجين الکلي مقارنة بالطبقة الأولى ثم انخفاضه في طبقات التربة الأعمق (الثالثة والرابعة).
8)- تراوح محتوى ترب اليمن من الفسفور الميسر في الطبقة السطحية بين (8.5 – 15) جزء بالمليون. إلا أنه أنخفض في الطبقة التالية إلى (5.0 – 8.5).Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFECT OF JOJOBA AND CASTOR BEAN SEED RESIDUES AS SOIL AMENDMENTS ON SOME PHYSICAL AND HYDROPHYSICAL SOIL PROPERTIES.7025704510072910.21608/jssae.2009.100729ENE. I. El-MaddahSoil, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.M. El-D. El-SodanySoil, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20090523Field experiments were carried out on silty clay loam soil at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, during two consecutive growing seasons. Summer season 2007 and winter season 2007/2008 to evaluate the effect and residual effects of oil seed residues of jojoba and /or castor bean as soil amendments on improving some physical and hydrophysical soil properties. The rates of jojoba and castor bean seed residues were 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 ton/fed. for each amendment which added before planting in the first season, while mineral fertilizers rates were 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 of the recommended dose for each crop. The experiments were conducted in a split-split plot design with three replicates.
<strong>The obtained results can be summarized as follows :-</strong>
1- Soil penetration resistance decreased with all added treatments, also, by increasing the addition rates of these amendments, soil penetration resistance was decreased.
2- The soil bulk density (Db) decreased in all treatments, while total soil porosity (E) and void ratio (e) take the opposite trend.
3- The settling percentage of the soil was decreased in all treatments, indicating a higher degree of structural stability.
4- The values of pore size distribution (large, medium and micro pores as a percent of total porosity) were significantly increased in the two growing seasons.
5- Soil hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and soil moisture content, i.e., saturation percent (SP), field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP) available water (AW) and soil moisture content just before harvesting (θw) were significantly increased in all treatments in the two growing seasons.
6- Water consumption (Cu) was decreased and water use efficiency (WUE) was increased with all treatments of the two seasons.
7- From the above results, it is more useful to use those treatments (jojoba and / or castor bean seed residues) as soil amendments to markedly improve both physical and hydro physical properties under silty clay loam soils.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601USING SOME SURROUNDINGS AROUND SURFACE DRIPPERS TO BE USED AS SUB-SURFACE7047706210073010.21608/jssae.2009.100730ENM. H. RamadanDept. of Agric. Eng., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.M. A. El-AdlDept. of Agric. Eng., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.Rasha M. SalmanEng. in Ministry of Agric.Journal Article20090524This work aims to reduce the costs of subsurface irrigation system by using surface drip lines. Also to study the impact of using some surroundings media around subsurface dripper lines on the amount of irrigation water, soil moisture distribution, salt content distribution, water use efficiency (WUE), soil water storage and onion yield. This work was conducted on sand soil at a private farm, Badr El Hedaya Society Center, in Governorate of El Bohera during two seasons (2004 and 2005). It was used irrigation water had 1.4 d<sub>S</sub>/m. Five treatments: T(1) was surface drip irrigation system with irrigation level 100% from irrigation requirements, T(2), T(3), T(4) and T(5) were subsurface drip irrigation system (SSDIS) with surroundings of sponge, stones, sponge with stones and without sponge with stones respectively with irrigation rate 80% from irrigation requirements. The irrigation interval for the last treatments was every day (daily irrigation). These treatments were repeated with each three days as irrigation interval in T(6), T(7), T(8), T(9) and T(10), respectively. However the results show that:
* Amount of irrigation water were 1972.1 and 1577.7 m<sup>3</sup>/fed for 100% with SDIS and 80 % with SSDIS crop water requirement respectively.
* The best Soil moisture distribution was for after irrigation by using stone (T3) with 80% crop water requirement. Then before irrigation the best treatment was T(5).
* The salt content distribution (EC) of the five treatments irrigated each three days are higher than the other five treatments for daily irrigation.
* Water use efficiency (WUE) It is prefer to use treatments of sponge with stones (T(4)) under using SSDIS with daily irrigation rather than for three days intervals.
* The best soil water storage at three days irrigation SDIS with 100% IR (T (6)) and at T(9) without <strong> </strong>surroundings under using 80% IR and SSDIS.
* The highest yield was T(5) SSDIS with 80 % of crop water requirement with daily irrigation interval with 10.327 ton/fed.
That is mean the T(5) is the optimum treatment for the studied conditions. It is the best treatment at soil moisture and salt distributions and better in WUE and soil water storage.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601COLOUR GRADING OF STRAWBERRY USING COMPUTER VISION AND BACKPROPAGATION ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK7063707710073210.21608/jssae.2009.100732ENG. M. ElMasryAgricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University.I. H. ElSheikhFood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture., Suez Canal University.Noha E. MorsyFood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture., Suez Canal University.Journal Article20090525Colour is often used as an indication of quality, ripeness and freshness for agricultural products including strawberry fruits. A laboratory computer vision system was established for colour grading of strawberry (<em>Fragaria × ananassa</em>) based on its ripeness stage. Colour features extracted from an image contained the brightness values of each pixel in the image; therefore these features represent the appearance of the fruits and strongly reflect ripening stage and firmness of the fruits. Colour of each fruit in the image was expressed using the average value of three channels (red ‘R’, green ‘G’ and blue ‘B’) of all pixels representing fruit in the image. In addition, to obviate illumination differences and to facilitate differentiation between tested fruits, the RGB components were also transformed to normalized RGB (r, g and b) and to CIE L*a*b* colour space. The most significant colour features were selected based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests experienced on all samples. A backpropagation artificial neural network (BPANN) model was applied as a pattern recognition tool for classification purposes and for fruit firmness prediction using only the selected significant colour features. The efficiency of BPANN model in classifying fruits to six ripeness stages was 92.88%. Furthermore, firmness of strawberry fruits was predicted with correlation coefficients of 0.91 % and 0.89 % for training and validation sets, respectively.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601INFLUENCE OF MINERAL AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON MAIZE YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS7079709010073310.21608/jssae.2009.100733ENMagda A. EwaisWater Soil and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. CenterAmina M. Abd El-LatifWater Soil and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. CenterDalia A. SayedWater Soil and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. CenterJournal Article20090526A field experiments were carried out at El-Wanysa village, Itsa district, El-Fayoum Governorate during two successive seasons of 2007 and 2008. The current work aimed to study the effect of both organic (compost) and inorganic nitrogen (ammonium sulphate) fertilizers and their combination on maize growth, yield and its components as well as grain contents of protein, oil and some nutrients
The obtained results could be summarized into:
- Concerning the nitrogen sources, it seems that the combined treatment of N-organic +N-mineral gave the greatest values for yield and its components, NPK concentration and it's uptake by maize plant. Also, the values of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content, ear length<strong>, </strong>ear diameter, ear weight, grain weight/ear, number of row/ear, number of grain/row, 100-grain weight and grain yield (ardab/fed.) were significantly increased by increasing nitrogen levels.
- Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates up to 120 kg N/fed. significantly increased nitrogen concentration and its uptake as well as protein content.
- Phosphorus concentration and its uptake were significantly increased by applying 120 kg N/fed.
- Oil percentage, oil yield and grain total carbohydrate percentage increased significantly as N level was increased up to 120 kg N/fed.
- Concerning the interaction effect between nitrogen sources and it's levels, it could be noticed that the ammonium sulphate + compost mixture treatment at 120 kg N/fed. was the better treatment due to its positive effect on grain yield and its components.
- It may be concluded that the application of compost combined with inorganic nitrogen was more effective on yield and its components of maize plant as compared to the addition of mineral nitrogen or compost alone. This may be the positive effect of organic manure on the physico-chemical properties, besides it attains a pronounced content of essential nutrients, especially micronutrients.
- In general using organic manure improved yield and saved considerable amount of required mineral fertilizers which may decreased the chemical pollution of environment.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601A PROPOSED MODIFIED LAND CAPABILITY SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING SANDY SOILS IN WESTERN NILE DELTA REGION7091710110073410.21608/jssae.2009.100734ENY. M. ZakaryaSoil Sci. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.Farida H. RabieSoil Sci. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.A. M. El ArabySoil Sci. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20090526This study aimed to evaluate soils of about 200.000 feddan for irrigated agriculture in the western desert of Egypt. The evaluation process was conducted using Sys and Verheye 1974 system and the proposed one derived from Sys and Verheye 1974.The proposed system is trial designed to fit the local environmental conditions of the investigated area. Modification proposed concerned, soil texture, soil salinity level, CaCO<sub>3</sub> content. Two other parameters were introduced to those of Sys and Verheye 1974, i.e, hydraulic conductivity and quality of irrigation water. Also soil parameters were divided into physical properties (P) which include soil texture, profile depth, drainage conditions, slope and hydraulic conductivity and chemical ones which include EC<sub>e</sub>, ESP, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, gypsum and irrigation water quality (EC<sub>iw</sub>). Another method for calculation was also introduced. Results of applying the proposed evaluating systems are completely different than those resulted by using Sys and Verheye 1974. It is thought that the obtained results are more realistic and fit the present field condition and soil outcome.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFECT OF IRRIGATION DEFICIT AND ADDITION OF CORN COBS ON CONSUMPTIVE USE AND YIELD OF WHEAT Triticum aestivum L. تأثير نقص الري واضافة کوالح الذرة الصفراء في الاستهلاک المائي ومحصول القمح Triticum aestivum L.7103711310073510.21608/jssae.2009.100735ENAlaa S. AteeSoil and Water Dep.Collage of Agricultural- University of BaghdadJournal Article20090528<em> تهدف الدراسة الى تحديد الاحتياجات المائية الفعلية وکفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول القمح عند جدولة الري الکامل ونقص الري وباستعمال مجروش کوالح الذرة الصفراء کمحسن لخصائص التربة. نفذ البحث في حقول کلية الزراعة-جامعة بغداد للموسم الشتوي 2007-2008 واستعمل تصميم القطاعات الکاملة العشوائية ضمن تجربة عاملية تضمنت 10 معاملات بثلاث مکررات، شملت عاملين: الاول هو اضافة مجروش کوالح الذرة وبدون الاضافة والثاني معاملات الري التي تضمنت خمس معاملات: معاملة الري الکامل عند استنفاد 50-55% من الماء الجاهز ومعاملة قطع ريتين ضمن مراحل التفرعات والاستطالة والتزهير ونمو الحبة. حسبت کميات المياه لتعويض الاستنفاد الرطوبي لتشمل الطبقة 0-0.2 م من الزراعة لغاية النمو الخضري وزيد عمق ماء الري ليشمل الطبقة 0-0.4 م في مرحلتي التزهير والنضج الفسلجي. کما تم استعمال جميع العمليات الزراعية لخدمة المحصول حسب التوصيات. استعملت معادلة التوازن المائي لتحديد التبخر نتح الفعلي (الاستهلاک المائي </em><em>) وتحديد التبخر نتح المرجعي من معادلة بنمان مونتيث المعدلة (</em><em>) والتبخر من حوض التبخر(</em><em>) صنف </em><em>A</em><em>.</em>
<em> </em><em>أدى استعمال کوالح الذرة بخلطها مع التربة إلى خفض قيم التبخرنتح الفعلي (</em><em>ETa</em><em>)</em><em> إذ تراوحت القيم من 403 و302 و300 و302 و300 ملم في معاملة الري الکامل ومعاملات الري الناقص عند مرحلة التفرعات والاستطالة والتزهير ونمو الحبة، على التوالي في حالة الاضافة مقارنة بـ 431 و389 و383 و384 و373 ملم لنفس المعاملات عند عدم الاضافة، الامر الذي انعکس في تقليل الاحتياجات المائية للنبات وتوفير کمية مهمة من مياه الري، حوالي 27-28% و11-14% في معاملة التربة ومجروش الکوالح ومعاملة التربة فقط، على التوالي. انخفض معامل المحصول(</em><em>Kc</em><em> ) خلال مراحل النمو عند استعمال مجروش کوالح الذرة. رافق ذلک حاصل حبوب مقارب لمعاملة المقارنة وزيادة کفاءة استعمال الماء الحقلي.</em>Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601SOIL WATER INFILTRATION AND SALT REDISTRIBUTION IN SOIL OF EL-TINA PLAIN AREA USING WATER OF VARIOUS SALINITY7115712710073610.21608/jssae.2009.100736ENA. A. El-KharbotlySoils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.S. A. MohamedSoils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.A. Y. GeneadSoils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.H. M. AbdouSoils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.Journal Article20090529Soil infiltration is a key factor to water movement in soil and subsequently leaching of saline soils. A laboratory column experiment was conducted to examine the rate of water flow during the downward movement of various types of infiltrated water for El-Tina plain soil. Transparent perspex columns, 10.4 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length were used in this experiment. The treatments included the use of the River Nile water, and two water mixtures between the Suez Canal and the River Nile water of 1:15 and 1:1. The redistribution of salts after water infiltration was also assessed, and the changes in selected soil properties were evaluated. Results showed that the accumulated water intake (cm) were higher when infiltrating with the 1:1 water mixture as compared to both the River Nile and the 1:15 water mixture. The elapsed time required for the wet front to reach the bottom of the soil column with the 1:1 water mixture was only half of the time required using the River Nile water. Alkalinity build-up occurred during infiltration with the River Nile water, even in the presence of the gypsum requirements in the upper 15 cm soil layer. Salt redistribution showed that infiltration with low salinity water caused more accumulation of salt at the lower soil layers. pH values decreased as the salt content increased in the lower soil layers. Sodium was found to be the major cation, followed by magnesium and calcium. Magnesium concentrations were extremely higher in the lower soil layers as compared to the upper soil layers. Chloride was the dominant anion followed by sulfate.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601TREATMENT OF SOME WASTES FOR THEIR UTILIZATION IN CULTIVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION7129714910073810.21608/jssae.2009.100738ENM.A.A. Abd-AllahSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, A.R.C. Egypt.M.E. OsmanFaculty of Science, Tanta University, EgyptA.M. Abo-ShadyFaculty of Science, Tanta University, EgyptDalia H. KhafagyFaculty of Science, Tanta University, EgyptJournal Article20090530This investigation was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate and divided into two sections. The aim of the first section (during summer season 2003) is to study some chemical and biological characteristics of sewage sludge and treating of sewage sludge with drying beds, hydrate lime and composting with plant residues (rice straw, corn stalks and cotton stalks).The second section amis to study the effect of their application on some soil chemical properties and wheat yield under pot experiments during 2003-2004 winter growing season.
<strong>The important findings could be summarized as follows:-</strong>
Improving sewage sludge by using drying beds, chemically by addition of 5% lime and biologically by composting with plant residue caused reduction in the soluble heavy metals contents and killing all pathogens
(Fecal, strepto coliform) and <em>Salmonella & Shigella .</em>
Application of different composting materials to the soil increased the EC values. The highest EC value (6.8 dSm<sup>-1</sup>) was observed in case of 4% lime compost followed by 4% cotton compost(3.5 dSm<sup>-1</sup>) .The highest pH value was also obtained in case of lime compost followed by cotton compost, corn compost, rice compost and sewage sludge compost, but all pH values were lesser than the control (8.81).The application of composting materials also increased the values of macro, micro-nutrients(N, P, K, Mn, Zn & Cu) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd & Ni) in soil after cultivation compared with control. The highest increase in trace elements was obtained with the soil treated by sewage sludge followed by the soil treated by plant residues.
In wheat grains, the macro and micro elements content were influenced by different composted materials. The increase in NPK content in wheat grains could be arranged as following sequence: sewage sludge treatment > lime compost > plant residues compost. Similar results were obtained with wheat straw.
Physiological parameters (total carbohydrate and protein in grains, and total chlorophyll in leaves) of wheat plant with all treatments were increased according to the following sequence: soil treated with sewage sludge > soil treated with lime compost > different compost materials (rice straw, corn stalks and cotton stalks).
Values of plant height, , number of grains / spike, 100 grain weight, straw and grain yields were significantly increased in response to sewage sludge treatments compared with control. The highest growth parameters and yield components of wheat plants were obtained with 4% sewage sludge compost.
Results show that, the uptake of the Egyptian adult per day of trace elements in wheat grains was in accordance with the critical levels of WHO (1996). Therefore, it could be concluded that concentration of all elements are within the normal range and not exceed the WHO limits.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION SCHEDULES AND SOIL MULCHING ON TUBER YIELD OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) VAR. SPUNTA7151716110073910.21608/jssae.2009.100739ENM. A. A. Abd AllahSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, A.R.C.E. H. OmarSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, A.R.C.S. M. EidSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, A.R.C.S. A. ElsaadySoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, A.R.C.Journal Article20090601Two field experiments were carried out to find out the “Effect of drip irrigation schedules and mulching on growth and tuber yield of Potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum </em>L.) Var. Spunta grown on sandy loam soils at Balteem, Kafr El – Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during winter seasons of 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. Six treatments combinations involving two drip irrigation regimes (I<sub>1</sub>: 60% ETo and I<sub>2</sub>: 80% ETo) in main plots and three kinds of mulch (M<sub>0</sub>: No mulch, M<sub>1</sub>: Organic mulch and M<sub>2</sub>: Plastic mulch) in sub plots were tested in a split-plot design with four replications.
Tuber yield obtained was significantly higher with the drip irrigation regime of 80% ET<sub>0 </sub>(52.0 t/ha in 2005-06 and 48.2 t/ha in 2006-07) as compared to 60% ET<sub>0</sub> (47.2 t/ha in 2005-06 and 43.4 t/ha in 2006-07).
Use of black polyethylene mulch resulted in significantly higher yield of tubers (53.7 t/ha in 2005-06 and 49.8 t/ha in 2006-07) as compared to rice straw mulch (50.6 t/ha in 2005-06 and 46.6 t/ha in 2006-07) and no mulch (44.5 t/ha in 2005-06 and 41.0 t/ha in 2006-07).
The seasonal water consumptive use of potato crop was higher with the drip irrigation regime of 80% ET0 (1708.55 and 1654.2 m3/ha) as compared to 60% ET0 (1281.41 and 1240.7m3/ha) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
The total water applied to potato crop was higher with the drip irrigation regime of 80% ET<sub>0 </sub>(3417.11 and 3308.42 m3/ha) as compared to 60% ET<sub>0 </sub>(2562.83 and 2481.31 m<sup>3</sup>/ha) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
The crop water use efficiency (C.W.U.E.) was significantly higher with the drip irrigation regime of 60% ET<sub>0 </sub>(18.42 and17.49 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) as compared to 80% ET<sub>0</sub> (15.22 and14.47 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
The field water use efficiency (F.W.U.E.) was significantly higher with the drip irrigation regime of 60% ET<sub>0 </sub>(36.83 and 34.98 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) as compared to 80% ET<sub>0 </sub>(30.44 and 29.14 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
Using plastic mulching resulted in the highest (C.W.U.E.) which the values were (17.98 and 17.20 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively and (F.W.U.E.) values (35.92 and 34.41 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
Therefore to maximize tuber yield (52.0 t/ha), drip irrigation should be scheduled at 80% ET<sub>0 </sub>under the conditions of limited water availability. In order to optimize irrigation water, drip irrigation should be scheduled at 60% ET<sub>0</sub>. This gives a tuber yield of 47.2 t/ha and saves 40% of irrigation water under conditions of limited water availability.
It is economically beneficial to use organic mulch. Apply organic manure at rate of 12.5t/ha along with the recommended dose of fertilizers. Incorporate organic mulch and potato plants after harvest to enrich soil fertility and sustains potato production for long time in sandy loam soil.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFECT OF VARIABLE WATER APPLICATION RATES ON YIELD OF FLAX AND IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY7163717510074110.21608/jssae.2009.100741ENM. A. A. Abd- AllahSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterEman A. EL-KadyField Crops Res. Inst., Agricultural Res. Center, EgyptG.M.A. ElsanatSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterM. A. GaziSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterJournal Article20090602Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agric. Res. Station during the two successive seasons 2006/2007 and 2007/2008. The aim of this work is to study the influence of irrigation intervals (traditional, irrigation at 60 %depletion of available soil moisture and irrigation at 100 and 80 % of cumulative pan evaporation) and applied irrigation water at flow rates (30 and 60 L/sec) on productivity of flax and some irrigation efficiencies. The design of the experiments were split-plot design. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Seed yield and other plant parameters such as plant height, , capsules number per plant and protein content had significantly affected with various irrigation treatments. Irrigation at 100%, 80% from cumulative pan evaporation and 50%depletion of available soil moisture were superior to traditional treatment, respectively. Irrigation at 100 % pan evaporation recorded the highest values of flax seed yield (540.8 and 539.4 kg/fed.), straw yield(3.545and3.767ton/fed.),plant height(114.9 and 116.2cm), technical length (101.8 and 100.5cm)and capsules number per plant(13.93and14.89)in the first and second seasons, respectively
Irrigation of flax plants at 60 % depletion of available soil moisture resulted in the highest oil content (41.98 and 40.4 %) in the first and second seasons, respectively.
Irrigation at high flow rate( 60 L/sec) increased values of plant height, technical length, number of capsules per plant, seed yield, straw yield, oil and protein contents compared to low flow rate (30L/ Sec.)in the two growing seasons.
● The interaction between irrigation intervals and flow rate (I x F) had significant effects on the technical length in the 1st season, while in the2<sup>nd</sup> season, the interaction had a significant effect on all parameters except seeds yield and protein content.
- The lowest values of water applied (1914.83 and 1967.6m<sup>3</sup> /fed.) were found under irrigation at 100 % pan evaporation , while the highest values of water applied (2463.5and 2530.5 m<sup>3</sup>/fed.) were recorded with traditional irrigation in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
- The amount of water applied (2266.23 and 2334.2m<sup>3</sup>/fed.) with flow rate of 30 L/sec. was higher than that 2087.9 and 2140.1m<sup>3</sup>/fed. with flow rate of 60 L/sec in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
- Water consumptive use (m<sup>3</sup>/fed) generally behaved the same trend of water applied for all treatments.
- Water application efficiency values were higher with treatments which irrigated at 100% and 80% from cumulative pan evaporation and 60%depletion from available water than traditional treatment. Also, the values were increased with increasing flow rate. Irrigation losses had almost the opposite trend to that encountered with water application efficiency.
- The highest average values of CWUE and FWUE were recorded under irrigation at 100 % pan evaporation and flow rate of 60 L/sec. in the two growing seasons.
- Irrigation at 80 % from cumulative pan evaporation achieved the highest value of water application efficiency (77.00 and 76.91%) in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, respectively.
It can be recommended to use evaporation pan class A in irrigation scheduling (proper time and amount of water) to maximize the return from unit of water applied and save irrigation water.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANTS IN REMOVING HEAVY METALS FROM WETLAND EFFLUENT7177718610074210.21608/jssae.2009.100742ENA. El-ArabySoil Sci., Fac. of Agric. , Ain Shams University.H. MehawedAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC Ministry of AgricultureJournal Article20090603Reuse properly treated wastewater for irrigation is compulsory option, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, as it represents an additional, reliable source of water needed for agriculture. Constructed wetland was established (30 x 34m) as a research wastewater treatment and reuse in cultivating different plant species, at Sadat City, Egypt (90km in the western desert of Egypt). Different water reads were cultivated as biological filters <em>(Phragmites australis, Cyperus papyrus, Typhe Sp., Cana indica).</em> Plant samples were collected twice a year, then dried and sent for analyses with special reference to heavy metals content. All plants grown in gravel wetland were harvested, bio-mass production of each plant was determined as fresh weight. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of these plants in heavy metal removal from the treated wastewater. Heavy metals considered the most hazardous problem in the wastewater beside the toxic organic molecules particularly when industrial wastewater is involved. <strong><em> </em></strong>
The obtained results indicated that, most successful plants are Cattails, Papyrus and Phragmites. The bio-mass production was 21.4, 19.9 and 3.7 kg/m2 of gravel surface respectively, meanwhile the uptake of these plants from heavy metals were quite significant. Cattails was the most effective plant in both bio-mass production and heavy metals up take, however papyrus produced good amounts of bio-mass and removed much less heavy metals while phragmited produced less bio-mass but removed more iron and medium amounts of cobalt, lead, zinc, copper and manganese. Bio-mass of these plants can be of economic value in market opportunities. Usage of the above mentioned plants will be discussed.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601WETLAND'S REVEGETATION IMPACT ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIS AT MANZALA REGION, EGYPT.7187719710074310.21608/jssae.2009.100743ENManal A. El-NadyScience Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.Reda RagabShahinProf. of Soil chemistry and mineralogy, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200604This study was done on wetlands of ManzalaLake, northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt, to evaluate the changes of some soil properties after rehabilitation and cropping for 10 years. Soil samples (0-80 cm depth) were collected randomly from selected sites in 4 reference wetlands sites and 4 cultivated sites with rice and cotton. Soil properties showed marked variation across the soil profiles. The obtained results showed that cultivation significantly accounted for the variance in soil properties between reference and cultivated wetland. Bulk density (Bd), hydraulic conductivity (K) and the electric conductivity (EC) were decreased while; total porosity (Tp), available water capacity (AWC) and organic matter (OM) were increased under cultivated areas compared with the reference wetlands. A significant difference in most of these soil properties under both rice and cotton was found between cultivation periods. The results also show that soil properties varied according to the cultivated crop. This study indicated a trend toward progressive soil development following wetland revegetation. Development of wetlands should be done.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601COMPARISON OF SOME TYPES OF SURFACE AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON MAIZE CROP7199721010074410.21608/jssae.2009.100744ENH.A. SonbolSoil Dept., Faculty of Agric., Mansoura Univ.E.M. El-HadidiSoil Dept., Faculty of Agric., Mansoura Univ.M.M. SaiedSoil improvement and Conservation Res. Dept., Soil ,Water & Environ. Res. Instit , ARC, EgyptH. M. Abou El-SoudSoil improvement and Conservation Res. Dept., Soil ,Water & Environ. Res. Instit , ARC, EgyptJournal Article20090605A surface drip irrigation using a single lateral (SSDI) or double laterals/plant row (DSDI) , subsurface drip irrigation using single lateral (SSSDI) or double laterals/plant row (DSSDI), gated pipes (GP) and traditional surface irrigation (TSI) were applied with maize (Single Cross,10) during the summer season 2007 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm , Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt in order to study the effects of these irrigation systems on maize yield and water use efficiency. Both drip irrigation systems included 16 mm diameter drip-lines, with emitters discharging about 2L/h and spacing 0.5 m. The subsurface drip irrigation system was installed before the crop seeding, where its laterals (16 mm drip-lines), were buried 0.6 m apart at 15cm below soil surface so that they are not affected by the cultivation practices during the current growing season . The aluminum gated pipes (150 mm diameter) were located at the head of the irrigated field and connected directly with the irrigation pump. The experimental layout of irrigation systems included six replications for each of the six irrigation systems .The design of this experiment is randomized complete blocks(RCB).
Water applied was obviously affected by irrigation systems . The DSSDI system was more effective since it received the lowest depth of irrigation water (55.7 cm.) followed by SSSDI (58.7 cm) and DSSDI system (60.1 cm). On the other hand, TSI system received the highest amount of irrigation water (79.4 cm) followed by GP system (72.2 cm). From the statistical analysis of the harvested maize yields, it has been found that their values are significantly different for all irrigation systems. Maize yields are high for GP and SSSDI irrigation systems and varied between 26.6 to 23.85 ardab /fed. for both systems, respectively. On the other hand , the grain yields are low with SSDI and DSSDI systems which varied between 20.14 and 19.04 ardab /fed. for both systems, respectively. The straw yield took the same trend that is found with the grain yield. Water use efficiencies expressing the maize yield per m<sup>3</sup> water applied ranged from 0.96 to 1.355 kg/m<sup>3</sup> water for TSI and SSSDI systems, respectively. The effect of different irrigation systems on water use efficiency took the following descending order: SSSDI > GT >DSDI >DSSDI > SSDI >TSI systems. Approximately, the same trend was found with irrigation water use efficiency which related to both grain yield and total water consumptive use. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF COTTON RESPONSE TO THE COMBINED OR INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS7211722610074710.21608/jssae.2009.100747ENA. A. RahmouSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent. (ARC) Giza, EgyptS. A. El. GhounemAgricultural Economics Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent. (ARC), Giza, EgyptS. F. El-FikiSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent. (ARC) Giza, EgyptH. W. A. WahbaSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent. (ARC) Giza, EgyptJournal Article20090606Two field experiments were conducted at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station (ARC), Damietta Governorate during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons to evaluate economically the effect of phosphorus fertilizer levels (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/fed), potassium fertilizer levels (0, 24, 48 and 72 kg K<sub>2</sub>O/fed) and their combinations as independent variables on some quantity and quality characters of cotton variety Giza 86 as dependent variables. The quantity characters were cotton seed yield (kg/fed), seed yield (kg/fed), lint yield (kg/fed.) and oil yield (kg/fed) and the quality characters were seed index (g), boll weight (g), number of open bolls/plant and nutrient concentrations (N, P and K %). Simple correlation, simple regression and stepwise regression analysis were used to detect different relationships included.
<strong>The results obtained could be summarized as follows:</strong>
<strong>1- Quantity characters: </strong>
<strong>A- Simple correlation</strong>
1- Results of simple correlation analysis indicated that the highest significant positive correlation of 2-tailed at 0.01 level was found between phosphorus fertilization and each of cotton seed, seed, lint and oil yields with r-values of 0.964, 0.966, 0.961, 0.979, respectively.
2- Significancy at 0.01 level and a positive correlation were found between potassium fertilization and each of cotton seed, seed, lint and oil yields with r-values of 0.964, 0.960, 0.929 and 0.969, , respectively.
3- Significancy at 1% level and a positive correlation were found between phosphorus x potassium fertilization and each of cotton seed, seed, lint and oil yields with r-values of 0.964, 0.606, 0.658 and 0.562, , respectively.
4- Also, the result of simple correlation analysis showed that the significant at 0.01 level and positive correlation was found between phosphorus and potassium as independent variables and cotton seed yield as dependent variable with r-values of 0.728 and 0.433, respectively.
<strong>B- Simple regression analysis:</strong>
1- Result of simple regression analysis cleared that the relative contributions of (R<sup>-2</sup>) for P, K and PK fertilization as independent variables were accounted by 92%, 89% and 39% from the total variation of cotton seed yield as dependent variable successively, the relative fertilization contributions of (R<sup>-2</sup>) for P, K and PK fertilization were accounted by 93%, 91% and 35% from the total variation of seed yield , respectively, also the relative contributions of (R<sup>-2</sup>) for P, K and PK fertilization were accounted by 92%, 85% and 42% from the total variation of lint yield successively and the relative contributions of (R<sup>-2</sup>) for P, K and PK fertilization were accounted by 95%, 93% and 30% from the total variation of oil yield, respectively.
<strong>C- Stepwise regression analysis:</strong>
Result of stepwise regression analysis revealed that the P fertilization was the highest factor contributing to the total variation of cotton seed yield with R<sup>2</sup> being 52.3%; on the other hand, the K fertilization was the second factor contributing to the total variation of cotton seed yield with R<sup>2</sup> being 19.7%.
<strong>11- Quality characters:</strong>
<strong>A- Simple correlation analysis:</strong>
Result of simple correlation analysis indicated that the highest significant positive correlation (at 0.01 level) was found between P fertilization and each of seed index, boll weight and number of open bolls/plant with r-value of 0.988, 0.981 and 0.986, , respectively.
A significant and a positive correlation were found between K fertilization and each of seed index, boll weight and number of open bolls/plant with r-value of 0.955, 0.933 and 0.949 successively. Significant and positive correlation was found between (P x K) fertilization and each of seed index, boll weight and number of open bolls/plant with r-value of 0.400, 0.363 and 0.646, respectively. Also, the result of simple correlation analysis indicated that the highest significant positive correlation (at 0.01 level) was found between P fertilization and each of N%, P%, and K% with r-value of 0.985, 0.972 and 0.979, respectively. A significant and a positive correlation (at 0.01 level) was found between K fertilization and each of N%, P% and K% with r value of 0.883, 0.998 and 0.996, successively.
<strong>B- Simple regression analysis:</strong>
Result of simple regression analysis cleared that the relative contribution of each of P, K and PK fertilization as independent variable were accounted by 98%, 90% and 32% from the total variation of seed index as dependent variable successively. The relative contribution of each of P, K and PK fertilization were accounted by 96%, 87% and 28% from the total variation of boll weight , respectively, and the relative contribution of each of P, K and PK fertilization were accounted by 97%, 89% and 41% from the total variation of number of open bolls/plant, successively.
<strong>III- Economic evaluation</strong>
<em> </em> Result of the study indicated that the highest productivity and the highest net revenue were accounted by 7.49 Kentar / fed and 2558 LE / fed successively of using 72 kg K<sub>2</sub>O/fed + 30kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/fed.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601STUDY THE EFFECT OF SOME GRAIN PROPERTIES ON SELECT AND DESIGN SOME PROCESSING EQUIPMENTS7227724110074810.21608/jssae.2009.100748ENG. G. RadwanAgric. Eng. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt.A. A. Abd El-RahmanAgric. Eng. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt.A. E. AlyAgric. Eng. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt.Journal Article20090607Some main physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties for Egyptian varieties of grains (Wheat, Giza 168 and Corn, Giza 10) were determined to know it's effective of some processing equipments. The main results in this study can be summarized as follows:-
- 1) The relationship between frontal surface areas, thickness surface area and surrounded surface area were as a function of the product length, width and thickness, 2) In case of the round sieves, the diameter of holes was 3.75 and 7.0 mm while, the distance between two holes was of 5.5 and 10.34 mm at using of wheat and corn, respectively. In case of slot holes of sieves, the dimensions of hole was 8 x3 mm and 14x10.5 mm while the distance between two slot holes was 7.5 x 2.5 mm and 17.6 x 5.0 mm at using of wheat and corn, respectively, 3) The terminal velocity was of 35 and 60 m/s of grains, the grains purity percentage was of 96 and 97 %, and grain losses were of 0.12 and 0.13 % for wheat and corn, respectively, 4) Tempering process of grains due to the moisture content was increased from 11 to 14% for wheat and from 12 to 14% for corn, respectively. This tempering process was required water quantity of 23.25 and 46.5 kg water/ ton grains for tempering of wheat and corn, respectively, 5) The required force for milling process were of 59 and 265 N before tempering process, while it was 50 and 210 N after tempering process for wheat and corn, respectively. 6) The friction angle of silo and hopper was 19 and 16o for wheat and corn, respectively at using steel as material of silo and hopper, 7) The bulk density of grains was 1023 and 1495 kg/m3 for wheat and corn, respectively. These densities were gave storage capacity of silo 16.1 and 23.5 ton/ (2m diameter X 5 m height of silo), and 8) The study of physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties is the very important at designed an agricultural machinery. It save the time, powered and labor then it less losses and gave a good grain quality impurities.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601THE USE OF TOMATO SEEDS BY-PRODUCT MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH L. CARNITINE AS NON-CONVENTIONAL INGREDIENTS IN PRACTICAL DIETS FOR MONOSEX NILE TILAPIA, Oreochromis niloticus7243725310075410.21608/jssae.2009.100754ENR.A. Abou-SeifCentral Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.M.S.M. EbrahimCentral Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.M. E. I. RadwanCentral Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20090608The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of replacing the protein source of soybean meal (SBM) by tomato seeds by-product meal supplemented with biogenic L. carnitine as a source of methionine plus lysine mixture (TSBPM) at a rate of 100mg/100g diet on growth performance, feed utilization and economic efficiency. Six experimental diets were formulated, control diet (T<sub>0</sub>) contained 45.4% soybean meal. Tested Diets (T<sub>1 </sub>-T<sub>5</sub>) contained 15 to 75% replacing levels (in 15% increments) of soybean meal protein(SBM) by tomato seeds by-product meal supplemented with L-carnitine (TSBPM). All experimental diets were isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isocaloric (290.0 Kcal digestible energy/100g diet) and P/E ratio of 68.0 mg protein/Kcal gross energy) and each diet was fed to three replicated of fish groups (20 fish for each replicate). Diets were fed to monosex Nile tilapia (<em>O. niloticus</em>) 6 days/week (twice daily) at 5% of live body weight through 120-days (experimental period).Results of this study showed that, replacement of SBM by tomato seedss by-product meal (TSBPM) up to 60% significantly improved final body weight (BW). Increasing the replacing levels of SBM by TSBPM up to 75% decreased daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR), total feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) with insignificant differences (P > 0.05) compared with the control group. These results revealed the possibility of replacing 75% of the high cost SBM by the low cost TSBPM in monosex Nile tilapia diets.
Results of body composition indicated that ,fish group fed diet TSBPM<sub>60 </sub>gained the highest percentages of protein content and the lower values of ash content, while the replacement of 75% of SBM by TSBPM released the lower percentages of protein, fat and dry matter contents, and higher ash content in whole fish bodies, with significant differences (P < 0.05) compared with control treatment.
From the economic point of view, replacing 75% of SBM by TSBPM in mono sex Nile tilapia diets reduces feed costs by 40.73%.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ( GIS ) FOR MAPPIN WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR SOME CROPS7255727110381910.21608/jssae.2009.103819ENM. I. MelehaWater Management Research Institute, National Water Research Center, CairoA. G. FatmaFaculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Soils DepartmentA. A. MosaFaculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Soils DepartmentH. S. A. KhedrIrrigation Ministry (IIIMP).Journal Article20090609A branch canal was selected in El Sefsaf canal command area which located in Sidi Salem district in Kafr El sheikh Governorate ( North Delta ) for using geography information system (GIS) for mapping cropping pattern and water requirements for winter and summer crops before irrigation improvement and after improving. El Sefsaf canal is an earth branch canal located at km 51.800 on the left side of Meet Yazied main canal ; a carrier canal located on the left side of Bahr Shebeen canal at Km 96.500, the 63.00 Km long canal feeds an area of about 210,000Fed.Distributed through 19 branch canals
The length of EL-Sefsaf canal that is about 3.400Km which served a command area of about 700 Fed . design of bed width vary between 2.5 m and 1.5 m , while the design maximum water level vary between 2.80 m and 2.50 m, while the actual maximum water level vary between 1.50 m and 1.60 m.
The study was carried out during four seasons started from Nov. 2003 and finished in the end of summer season 2008. This period covered two summer seasons ( summer 2004 and summer 2008 ) and two winter seasons ( winter 2003/2004 and winter 2007/2008 <strong>)</strong>
<strong>Total crop water requirements in EL Sefsaf canal command area could be summarized as follows:</strong>
Summer crops : The total water requirements of Rice were 1753213.59 and 1537013.18 m<sup>3</sup> in 2004 and 2008 seasons respectively. While it were 1200734.54 and 549805.78 m<sup>3</sup> in 2004 and 2008 respectively for cotton crop. Also the total water requirements of Maize crop were 111488.49 and 19168.44 m<sup>3</sup> for the above mentioned seasons respectively. The highest water requirements as recorded with Rice crop. The peak demand were in July and August. Winter crops : The total water requirements of Barseem were 982490.09 and 516100.68 m<sup>3</sup> in 2003/2004 and 2007/2008 seasons respectively. On the other hand the total water requirements of Wheat crop were 1056627.12 and 667397.01 m<sup>3</sup> for the stated seasons respectively. Finally the total water requirements of Sugarbeet crop were 554260.24 m<sup>3</sup> in 2003/2004 season , and 68416.21 m<sup>3</sup> in 2007/2008 season. The peak demand were in Marsh and April.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF APPLE TREES AS AFFECTED BY DRIP IRRIGATION AND MULCHING IN NEW RECLAIMED SOILS7273728710382210.21608/jssae.2009.103822ENA.A. MadyWater Management and Irrigation System Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Cairo EgyptJournal Article20090610Two field experiments were conduced during 2003 and 2004 seasons to study the effect of three irrigation rates of 13.584, 10.188 and 6.792 m<sup>3</sup>/tree/year (I<sub>1</sub>, I<sub>2</sub> and I<sub>3</sub>) and two mulching types viz, black polethylene and dry cut grass, (M1, M2, M0) comparing to bare soil respectively as well as their interactions on production, fruit quality, water consumptive use (WCU), crop coefficient (Kc) and water use efficiency (WUE) of anna apple trees bedded on Malus rootstock and grown in loamy sand soil at El-Bostan region, El-Beheira governorate. Reduced drip irrigation regime from 13.584 to 6.792 m<sup>3</sup>/tree/year significantly decreased fruit yield associated with decreasing fruit set and increasing preharvest fruit drop, and also decreasing average fruit weight length, diameter, total soluble solids (TSS%), water consumptive use and crop coefficient (Kc) values. The highest values always belonged to I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> rates in both seasons. While, the highest values of fruit firmness, water use efficiency (WUE) kg/m<sup>3</sup> were obtained with the deficit (I<sub>3</sub>) and moderate (I<sub>2</sub>) irrigation regimes without significant difference between them. Meanwhile, total acidity was not affected by the tested irrigation regimes.
Soil mulching with dry cut grass or black P.E produced maximum yield with good physical and chemical properties, it also decreased monthly and seasonal water consumptive use and Kc values but, increased water use efficiency (WUE). The interaction (I x M) was usually significant which obtained the highest productivity, best quality, highest water use efficiency and less water consumptive use values were recorded with (I<sub>2</sub> x black P.E) and (I<sub>2</sub> x cut grass) combination treatments in the two seasons of study.
Thus, this study recommends "Anna" apple growers to use moderate irrigation rate I<sub>2</sub> (10.188 m<sup>3</sup>/tree/year) under dry cut grass mulching in (I<sub>2</sub> x cut grass) combination treatment which considered the best one for obtaining maximum yield with a good quality. This treatment also reduced water consumptive use and increased water use efficiency (WUE).Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601SIMULATION MODEL FOR GREENHOUSE COOLING BY USING WATER FILM OVER AN EXTERNAL SHADING CLOTH7289730710382710.21608/jssae.2009.103827ENI. H. El-SheikhDepartment of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia andA. T. TahaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom EgyptJournal Article20090611A mathematical simulation model was developed to investigate the effectiveness of using a water film flowed on a shading cloth stretched over the greenhouse cover for greenhouse cooling. The microclimatic energy balance can simply be developed to predict the air temperature inside the greenhouse. It was dependent on different sources of energy which affect the greenhouse microclimatic conditions. The output of the model are the air temperature inside the greenhouse, relative humidity of the inside air and the soil surface temperature. The model was validated experimentally for the climatic conditions of Ismailia governorate through seven nonconsecutive days during October 2008. The data was collected under different shading conditions of the greenhouse, i.e. shading with water flow, shading only, and unshading conditions. The results of simulation model were compared with the experimental results. A good agreement was found between the measured and predicted values. The obtained results also showed that the proposed model performed well and it was adequate to simulate the microclimatic conditions.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601USING CANOLA PLANTS FOR PHYTOEXTRACTING HEAVY METALS FROM SOILS IRRIGATED WITH POLLUTED DRAINAGE WATER FOR A LONG TERM7309732310383210.21608/jssae.2009.103832ENF.I. ZeinSoils Water and Environmental Research Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptHamida M.A.El-SanafawySoils Water and Environmental Research Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptN.I. TalhaSoils Water and Environmental Research Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptSamia A. SalamaCrop Field Research Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20090612Canola <em>Brassica napus</em> Seru-4 variety was grown in lyzimeter experiment at Sakha Agric. Res. Station during 2008/2009 season to study the metal accumulation and it’s feasibility of it’s use for metal phytoextraction. Also, chosen to study the content of roots, stems, leaves, seeds and oils of heavy metals Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb as affected by water treatments Lyzimeters (100 x 70 x 90 cm) were field with clayey soil and irrigated with three water treatments since 1987 twenty years ago. They were W<sub>1</sub>, Nile water (good water quality) and W<sub>3</sub>, drainage water (relatively poor water quality) and W<sub>2</sub>, mixed water 50% W<sub>1</sub> + 50% W<sub>3</sub>. Complete randomized block design with four replicates was used for statistical analysis.
<strong>The obtained results showed that:</strong>
Using poor water quality for irrigation increased ECe, SAR, soluble cations and anions in soil paste extract and total DTPA extractable heavy metals in soils (Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb) than that of mixed or good water quality.
No significant effect of water treatment was found on plumule length swelling coefficient, hydration coefficient, crude fat, ash, relative density percent of canola seeds.
The best main radical length and crude protein were obtained in seeds of canola plants irrigated with drainage water.
Content of the studied heavy metals were in the following order: roots > stems > leaves > seeds > oils and greater when poor water quality (W<sub>3</sub>) was used for irrigation water.
Highly significant differences were found between means of heavy metal content in canola plant due to irrigation water treatment.
Canola oils which extracted from seeds were the least content of studied heavy metals in canola plant organs.
Canola behaved as an accumulator for heavy metals such as Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni and Pb and is useful for metal phytoextraction due to higher metal accumulation capacity.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601RESPONSE OF FABA BEAN PLANTS TO INOCULATION WITH Rhizobium leguminosarium AND OTHER RHIZOBACTERIA UNDER THREE NITROGEN LEVES IN NEWLY RECLAIMED SOIL7325734510383510.21608/jssae.2009.103835ENM. A. El-HoweityEnvironmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), Minufiya University, Sadat City, Egypt.A. A. AbdallaEnvironmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), Minufiya University, Sadat City, Egypt.Hanaa A.Abo-KoraSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.M. M. El-ShinnawiDept. Soil Sci., Fac. Agric., Minufiya University, Shibin Elkom, Minufiya, Egypt.Journal Article20090613Afield experiment was conducted twice at the farm of the Environmental Studies and Research Institute, Minufiya University, Sadat City (Minufiya Governorate), during the two successive winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to study the response of faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L. cv. Giza 461 ) to inoculation with <em>Rhizobium leguminosarium </em>individually or mixed with rhizobacteria known to produce plant growth- promoting substances (PGPR), i.e., <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em> , <em>Bacillus megaterium</em> or <em>Bacillus polymyxa</em> as co inoculation under three levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer ( 0 , 20 , 40 kg N /fed ), in a newly reclaimed desert (sandy soil).
Results showed that nodulation, plant growth parameters and bacterial activities in soil, varied depending on nitrogen dose and introduced bacteria. Co-inoculation with <em>Rhizobium</em> and PGPR resulted in significant increases in number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as nitrogenase activity of the root system as compared with the single inoculation with <em>Rhizobium</em> alone or control (un-inoculated plants). Mixed inoculation improved bacterial activities in rhizosphere soil, dehydrogenase, and phosphatases (acid and alkaline) enzymes and total bacterial count, compared to the single inoculation. In respect to nitrogen fertilizer , the highest rate applied( 40 kg N /fed.) gave the maximum value of bacterial activities, as compared with the other doses, except nitrogenase activity, which was favored with the lower N dose(20 kg ).
The parameters of faba bean growth, seed yield and its attributes were generally promoted with the applied treatments, i.e., the biofertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth rate and parameters at 40 D and 85 days age. Mixed inoculation (R.l.+<em> B. polymyxa</em>) produced the highest values of plant height , shoot and root dry weights. The same treatment exhibited the greatest number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds / pod, seed index and seed yield /plant, and consequently highest seed yield /fed ,e.g., average increase in yield /fed. was (67.45% & 63.62%) for the two seasons, respectively. No significant differences could be detected between the two doses of nitrogen fertilizer (20 and 40 kg N/fed.) in most studied traits, except seed yield per plant and per fed. Inoculation with R.l. + <em>B.megaterium</em> or <em>B. polymyxa</em> combined with 40 kg N/ fed. resulted in the highest values of most studied traits, except the nitrogenase activity, which was higher with 20 kg N/fed.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601ENGINEERING PARAMETER PERFORATED PIPES SYSTEM AFFEECTIN ON WATER IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY OF THE YIELD WHEAT CROP.7347736010385610.21608/jssae.2009.103856ENS.S. HassanAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, EgyptG.G. RadwanAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, EgyptM.M. MoustafaAgric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, EgyptJournal Article20090614The field experimental work was carried out at the Experimental Research Station of the Agricultural Research Center, Sids- Ben Suief Governorate during two growing season 2005/2006 and 2006/2007. The research aimed to study the effect of some engineering parameters designed of perforated pipes system as outlets spacing, outlets diameters and number of outlets discharging simultaneously on the yield of wheat grains crop, application efficiency, distribution efficiency, and water use efficiency in order to choose the appropriate engineering parameters designed of perforated pipes system using for wheat crop production.
<strong>The results indicated that:</strong>
1- The water advance time, water recession time and the infiltration opportunity time were more efficient in case of treatment (3).
2- The water distribution efficiencies (WDE) are closed to each other for all treatment.
3- The highest values of water application efficiencies and The water use efficiency were achieved in case of treatment (3) and saving about 14.5% of irrigation water applied in average.
4- The uniformity distribution of the perforated pipe system decreased as the number of outlets discharging simultaneously decreased.
As a general recommendation using a perforated pipes system having engineering parameters described as treatment T3 (12 outlets, outlet diameter 36mm, 1.0 m spacing, and between two consecutive outlets and outlet flow rate about 2.0 l/s) giving a highest values of both water application efficiency and water use efficiency of the yield of Wheat crop and received less amount of irrigation water than another treatment. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION ISOTHERM IN SOIL UNDER ORGANIC FARMING USING PATCH AND FLOW METHODS7361736910385910.21608/jssae.2009.103859ENM. A. D. OmarSoil Sci. Department, Faculty of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.R. R. ShahinSoil Sci. Department, Faculty of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.H. A. KhaterSoil Sci. Department, Faculty of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20090615A substantial amount of effort has been put into understanding soil P availability for soils under long-term organic farming. Soils of two organic farms were collected to evaluate phosphorus (P) adsorption isotherm. S1 and S2 were Sicum farm soils (loamy sand soils) with 23 years and 12 years organic farming, respectively. F1 and F2 were Faium farm soils (sandy clay loam soils) with 10 years and 2 years organic farming, respectively. Organic matter percentage for S1, S2, F1, and F2 were 10.4, 6.1, 22.9, and 16.8g/kg, respectively. P-adsorption isotherm was studied using two different methods, namely the standard patch method and a new flow method. In the new method, soil column were placed in glass column and continuous flow was induced by controlled suction. Solution, 10 times the weight of the soil, was applied and recycled until apparent equilibrium concentrations were observed. P adsorption was evaluated on the basis P partition coefficients (Kd) calculated from Freundlich isotherm equations. Amount of phosphorus adsorbed, at equilibrium, and Kd was higher for soils with lower organic matter, for both farms and both methods. Flow method show more phosphorus adsorption at equilibrium and higher Kd than batch method, for the two farms. Flow method provides a way to obtain adsorption-isotherm data under more realistic conditions.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE AND SOME ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOYBEAN YIELD7371738010386010.21608/jssae.2009.103860ENMamal A. El-NadySoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptAmal L. Abd El-LatifSoil Science Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20090616Field experimentwas conducted in seasons 2006 and 2007 to evaluatethe response of soybean to different organic amendments under different tillage practices. Organic amendments were, composted amendments Katamya plant residue compost (Kp), katamya city refused compost (Kc) and Kaha plant and cattle mixture compost (Km)) and animal manure (cattle (Cm), poultry (Pm) and goat (Gm)) and control (Control). The tillage treatments were, moldboard plow (MP); chiselplow (CT), and no-tillage (NT). Tillage treatments significantly increased soybean yield compared to the control. In growing seasons, soybean plant growth, yield components and the yield increased under CT followed by MP and NT compared to control. Amended CT and MP increased average yield in both season over NT by 23.0 and 19.0%, respectively. No significant difference in soybeanyield was found between CT and MP under both amended and non-amended treatments. However, a significant difference between NT and both CT and MP was found. Across all the tillage treatments, compost amendments increased soybean growth, yield and yield components compared to animal manure. Among compost amendments, amended treatments with Kc produced the highest plant growth, yield components and yield followed by Kp and Km, respectively. While, among animal manure, Cm and Pm treatments significantly increased plant growth, yield components and seed yield as compared to Gm treatments. The results also show that, protein percentage increased with amended treatments by both compost and animal manure. Alternatively, oil content % increased with non-amended treatments. The average of seed protein obtained under CT, MP and NT with compost amendments, increased by 7.0%, 8.0% and 3.0% while, the increase with animal manure was 3.0%, 4.0% and 2.0%, respectively over the control. A significant difference in seed content of N and K was found between composted and animal manure treatments under CT and MP systems. Under NT the difference in NPK between composted and animal manure treatments was not significant. The applied organic amendments influenced growth, seed yield and its components, seed protein and oil content of soybean.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCIES AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND RATE OF APPLIED N FERTILIZER TO MAIZE PLANT7381739810386310.21608/jssae.2009.103863ENM. E. AliDepartment of Soils, Fac. of Agric., Benha Univ.F. S. El-GamalNational Water Research Center.Esmat H. A.NoufalDepartment of Soils, Fac. of Agric., Benha Univ.W. F. El-BablyNational Water Research Center.Journal Article20090617Two field experiments were carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2006 and 2007 at Bahteem, Water Requirements Research Station., El Kalyobia Governorate –NationalWaterResearchCenter. Maize (Zea mays, single cross 10) was grown on the investigated soil under two irrigation systems i.e. surface irrigation (G1) and drip irrigation (G2) Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the form of urea (46% N) at four rates N1 (0kg), N2 (90kg), N3 (120kg), and N4 (150 kg N /fed. Other cultural practices were done as recommended. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design.The irrigation systems were distributed uniformly in the main plots, while, the nitrogen treatments, were distributed randomly in the sub-plots.
Results showed that application of nitrogen regardless of its applied ratm could save 24.15 and 24.05% m<sup>3</sup>/ fed within the first and second seasons, respectively under tie surface irrigation system. Under the drip"irrigation system the correspooding saved amount of the water requirement reached 37.93 and 38.03%, within the first and second seasons, respectively. Values of monthly and seasonal actual water consumptive use (Cu) were higher when irrigation water was applied by surface irrigation system than drip irrigation system. Values of (Cu) were decreased by i~creasing rate of the applied N. Thå highest attained values of irrigation water application effiãiency occurred under the drip irrigation system (G<sub>2</sub>) end N<sub>2 </sub>trmatments in the first and second growinw seasons. There was a decline yn crop water use efficienc} with!surface irrigation sysôem in both seisons/ as compared wéth the drip érriga|ion system® Xowever the miximum value of crop water use efficiency was obtáingd$under the drip irrigqtion system (G<sub>2</sub>) and application of nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 120 kg/fed. The field water use efficiency was highev under the drip irrigation system than under the surface irrigation one. Values of this parameter increased with increasing rate of the applied N up to 120 kg/fed beyond which it decreased obviously.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601EFFECT OF SPRINKLER RISER CHARACTERISTICS ON APPLICATION UNIFORMITY7399740810386510.21608/jssae.2009.103865ENM. H. RamadanAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric., Al-Mansoura University.Journal Article20090618
The sprinkler riser characteristics; height, angle and rigid fixation are of great importance for the sprinkler application uniformity. Single sprinkler pattern tests were carried out to generate data required for field uniformities with different riser characteristics. Data from the single sprinkler tests were then overlapped to simulate system uniformities. Results were compared for different riser heights, riser angles, PVC and steel risers. Trials were carried out using two types of sprinkler heads.
The statistical analysis indicated that riser characteristics affect significantly the application uniformity at 5 % significance level. However, the effect of some treatments was positive and for some others was negative. The negative effects of non-optimum riser characteristics can be minimized by closer spacing pattern. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601INFLUENCE OF NODULE-INDUCING Frankia ON SALINITY TOLERANCE OF Casuarina glauca SIEBER EX SPRING PLANTS AND RHIZOSPHERE REMEDIATION7409743410386810.21608/jssae.2009.103868ENA.A. A. El-SettawyForestry and Wood Technology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.Amal A. S. EL-GamalSoil Salinity and Alkalinity Dept. Soil, Water and Environment Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.Journal Article20090618This study was carried out to investigate the effect and the role of nitrogen-fixing nodules induced by <em>Frankia</em> bacteria on roots growth of <em>Casuarina glauca</em> Sieber ex: Spreng plants in salinity tolerance and soil remediation. This study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AlexandriaUniversity, Alexandria, and model nursery at Wadi EI- Natroon Region, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. . Three experiments were carried out as follows:
<strong>Experiment 1:</strong> Eight NaCl concentrations (00.00 (S<sub>1</sub>), 1000 (S<sub>2</sub>), 3000 (S<sub>3</sub>), 5000 (S<sub>4</sub>), 7000 (S<sub>5</sub>), 10.000 (S<sub>6</sub>), 12.000 (S<sub>7</sub>) and 14.000 ppm (S<sub>8</sub>)) amended to root rhizosphere to pinpoint the maximum salinity level at which 50% of nodulated and unnodulated plants can survive.
<strong>Experiment 2: </strong>In this experimentsplit-root technique was applied using double-container foam pots.
<strong>Experiment 3: </strong>This experiment was conducted to study the effect of nodule diameter on salt tolerance and growth of the host and remediation of saline soil. In the first experiment, it was found that the nodulated plants had higher salinity tolerance than that of unnodulated ones. However, nodulated plants showed 40% survival at S<sub>7</sub>, while unnodulated plant reached this survival percent at S<sub>6</sub>. It was noticed that the growth rate of nodulated plants was significantly higher than that of unnodulated ones at S<sub>4</sub> up S<sub>8</sub>. In the second experiment, it was noticed that unnodulated plants displayed the lowest survival (20 and 30% in first and second season, respectively). Shoot live ratio (SLR) of nodulated root under salinity stress was higher than that of unnodulated ones. However the reaction of nodules to direct salinization as well as the changes of characters of plants bearing it will be described and discussed in details. The results of experiment 3 revealed the direct relationships between nodule diameter and N content of branchlets and total dry matter under salinity stress. On the other hand, it was found that the higher the nodule diameter, the lower the EC, Na, Cl contents in the rhizosphere obtained. Ultrastrastructural studies of nodules using SEM supported the foregoing results, since the filamentous hyphae of <em>Frankia</em> that colonized nodule cortex became finer and more condensed due to salinity stress. This modification brought forth an increase in surface area of filamentous hyphae to be adapted with saline rhizosphere. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AMENDMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOME WOODY TREES, DYNAMIC OF AM FUNGI AND BIOEXTRACTION– REMEDIATION OF TREES7435745310387010.21608/jssae.2009.103870ENA. A. A. El-SettawyForestry and Wood Technology Dept., Fac. of Agric., Alexandria Univ.,El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.M. F. M. El HarirySoil Salinity and Alkalinity Dept. Soil, Water and Environment Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.Journal Article20090619This study was conducted at the plantation of Solid Disposal Facility, and Compost Production, "N9", Alexandria, Egypt, to pinpoint the effect of treated sludge on the growth, yield of <em>Acacia saligna</em>, <em>Casuarina glauca</em> and <em>Eucalyptus</em> <em>camaldulensis</em> trees aged 10 years and on the dynamic of activity and population of vescicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The study aimed also to investigate the bioextractional – remediation role (if any) of trees against sludge pollutants.
Data obtained indicated that, except for height of <em>A. saligna</em>, all growth and yield parameters of sludge amended trees (tree height at diameter outside bark at breast height (dodh), commercial volume of wood per tree, yield per feddan, av. of annual yield per feddan and basal area) were significantly higher than those of the control, since the solid dry timber was accounted for 3.76 and 4.76 ton/ feddan in unamended and amended <em>A. Saligna</em> with sewage sludge, respectively. At the same order, the yield was 124.81 and 135.47 ton/ feddan in <em>C. glauca</em> and 60.6 and 117 ton/ feddan in <em>E. camaldulensis. </em>Concentrations of macro-elements, N, P, K and Na and heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Pb) in soil, shoots and woods from bark to pith of sludge- amended and unameneded trees and rhizosphere were increased concentration of macro elements and heavy metals in foliage and wood of trees applied with sewage sludge. However, trunk analysis revealed that the bark displayed the higher concentration of heavy metals followed by heartwood. Specific gravity, either of sapwood or heartwood was significantly higher in unamended trees compared with amended ones due to its increased growth rate.
The data also revealed the presence of clamydospores of AM fungi, namely, <em>Glomus aggregatum</em>, <em>G. fasciculatum</em> and <em>G. mossae</em>.
Infection level (%) of feeder roots and population (number of spores per 10 g of dry rhizosphere soil) of clamydospores of AM fungi were affected negatively by sludge amended. It can be concluded that the growth and yield of tree stand studied can best be managed by amendment with sludge to achieve better results. Also, <em>E. camaldulensis</em> and <em>C. glauca</em> trees displayed potential phytoextraction remediation towards heavy metal pollultants concomitant with positive yield. It is recommended, however, to capitalize on sludge for establishment several tree species and others in afforestation programs in low fertile soils in arid zones which being inadvisable to edible crops and manage native tolerant AM fungi under pollution situations as well.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601ADAPTING THE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SIMULATION GAME TO THE SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE NILE DELTA "A CASE STUDY FROM DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATE"7455746610387410.21608/jssae.2009.103874ENM. H. RamadanAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric., Al-Mansoura University.Journal Article20090619An adapted card-simulated-version of the irrigation management game was developed to conform to the old surface irrigation system in the Nile Delta. This first version was applied and evaluated for a case study from Dakahlia Governorate.
The water supply factor and yield response factor to water deficit were used as indicators for the goodness of water supply and coincided yield. Because of the multidisciplinary factors included in the irrigation management game a computer-based model needs to be developed to determine how best to allocate irrigation water resources among crops and among farms when water supply is limited. It should take into account the socio-economic and technical factors of farm income.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION IN HEAVY CLAY SOIL7467748010387510.21608/jssae.2009.103875ENE. M. KhalifaAg. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Kafrelsheikh Univ., Egypt.M. E. MelehaWater Management Research Institute, National Center of Water Research, Shubra, Egypt.Journal Article20090619Sugarbeet is an important crop in Egypt where overuse of water and agro chemicals is a concern in furrow-irrigated areas. Drip irrigation technology, is not well developed for row crops within the old land. Field experiment was carried out in the Experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture Kaferelsheik University. Egypt, during the successive season 2005/2006.Therefore, the objective of the present work was evaluation of drip irrigation practice for sugar beet production in Delta region and its effect on soil salinity.
<strong>The present research includes the following factors:-</strong>
-Irrigation method : drip and furrow irrigation (main treatments);
- Irrigation intervals :Three irrigation intervals for drip, once, twice and triple per week, while the intervals for furrow irrigation was 18 days. (sub treatments), and
- Length of furrow and drip lines: Three different of furrow and drip lines were used in the present study ( 20; 30 and 40 m). (sub-sub treatments).
The experimental design was split-split plot with four replicates.
The important results that obtained from the present work were as follows:-
- The average value of total water applied was decreased by about of 1.01 and 0.47 % by using 20 and 30 m as a drip line length comparing with 40 m drip line length.
- There was no significant difference among the irrigation treatments on average values of root and sugar yield, Where there are no significant differences in the amount of water added to the unit area during the season.
- The highest value of water application efficiency was 91.63 % with drip irrigation, 20 m lateral length and once irrigation per week, while the lowest value was 69.10 % with furrow irrigation.
- Increasing number of irrigation per week tended to increase field water use efficiency which the values of field water efficiency were 10.83, 9.73 and 9.12 Kg/m<sup>3</sup> by using drip irrigation triple, twice and once per week, respectively.
- The increasing values of soil salinity were 0.11, 0.20 and 0.26 dsm-1 for irrigation intervals: triple, twice and once per week, respectively. it could be concluded that the salt accumulation in the root zone can be easily leached by increasing more amounts of irrigation water before the start of the next season. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601ENHANCING THE IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT USING DEVELOPED IRRIGATION CANALS7481750310387810.21608/jssae.2009.103878ENE. M. KhalifaDept. of Agric. Engineering Dept., Fac. of Agric., Kafr El-Sheikh Univ.,M. A. EltawilDept. of Agric. Engineering Dept., Fac. of Agric., Kafr El-Sheikh Univ.,M. E. MelehaWater Management Res. Institute, National Water Research CenterM. M. SharafPost Graduate studentJournal Article20090620Water shortages have economic, technical, social, cultural, physical, hydroclimatic and political dimensions. Since irrigation outstrips all other sectors in its use of water, crop production would be the first area to suffer when water supplies are inadequate. The present research aims to study the effectiveness of the developed irrigation canal on irrigation water management and compare its performance with the traditional ones. Field experiments were located in the middle northern part of the Nile Delta (Kafrelsheikh Governorate) during the two successive seasons of winter (2005/2006) and summer 2006. To fulfill the intended objective, several factors are studied as follow: i) One improved canals named Dakalt canal used as the main source of water, ii) Six improved meskas and three different locations (Head, middle and tail), iii) One unimproved meska was selected on Dakalt canal, and iv) Six cultivated areas (fields) on each meska were selected. The obtained results indicated that the minimum operating time and minimum amount of applied water were recorded for improved meskas, as compared with the unimproved one. The maximum value of applied water was recorded for berseem and rice crops during winter and summer season, respectively. It can be concluded that the improved meskas achieved the high values of water saving while they were 1079.8, 1023.4, 1240.7, 1019.3, 1028.6 and 1129.7 m<sup>3</sup>/ feddan for long berseem crop comparing with unimproved meska. Also, the amounts of saved water were 14.8, 12.6, 14.3, 9.8, 10.6 and 12.3 % for rice crop under the previous meskas, respectively, during summer season compared with unimproved meska.
The maximum and minimum total dynamic head of 4.744 and 3.543 m were recorded for pumps in meskas Om-Sen and Edrega El-Bahria (A), respectively. The average values of applied irrigation efficiency for developed meskas had higher values than undeveloped meska for different crops. Based on the recorded results, it can be observed that the developed irrigation canals have many advantages such as: Saving irrigation water, hence minimize the drainage problems, improve the usage efficiencies, equity of water distribution, minimum cost and high crop yields. Utilization of developed canals has increased the conveyance efficiency to more than 90%, irrigation water efficiency to 70% and high remarkable crop yield. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize the developed canals for irrigation water conveyance in the Delta region, especially the pipe line canal.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601IMPROVING IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR POTATO CROP PRODUCTION UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS7505752110388110.21608/jssae.2009.103881ENE. M. A. KhalifaAg. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Kafrelsheikh Univ., Egypt.Journal Article20090620The aim of irrigation management during the potato growing season should be to maintain the soil water content in the 0-60 cm depth between the “Full point” and the “Refill point” to minimize excess soil water content, which could leach below the root zone, and avoid soil water stress effects on the crop. Greenhouse experiments with pieces of rice straw were carried out during the growing season 2006/2007 (October to January) in an AridLandResearchCenter, Tottori University, Japan. The present study included four irrigation intervals (every day, every two days, every three days and every four days) and five different mixed ratio between rice straw pieces and sandy soil (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % by volume). The objective of the present research was increase sandy soil holding capacity and improves irrigation water use efficiency for potato crop production.
<strong>The important results that obtained from the present work were as follows:-</strong>
- The maximum value of water consumptive use was 580 mm/season that obtained with 0.3 and 0.4 straw-soil ratio for four days irrigation interval.
- Irrigation drainage water increased by about of 62.30, 197.39 and 283.37% for 2, 3 and 4 days irrigation intervals, respectively comparing with every day irrigation interval.
- Irrigation every day gave the highest values of water application efficiency because increase irrigation intervals tended to increase deep percolations (water drainage).
- The average values of tuber yield were 7.93, 9.56, 8.36 and 6.30 Mg/fed. for irrigation intervals 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, respectively.
- The results indicated that, increasing rice straw-soil ratio tended to increase irrigation water use efficiency due to decrease irrigation water drainage by increasing rice straw- sandy soil ratio.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601AERO-DYNAMICS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME OIL PRODUCING CROPS4195421119988410.21608/jssae.2009.199884ENA.M. MatoukDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.S.M. Abd El-latifDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.A. TharwatDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.Journal Article20080617Aero-dynamic and mechanical properties such as terminal velocity, Reynold's No., drag coefficient, coefficient of friction, repose angle and seeds hardness for three different oil producing crops (sunflower, soybean and canola) were determined at five different levels of seeds moisture content; while, shear force and shear stress of soybean hulls and cotyledons were also determined at the proper moisture content for oil extraction. The obtained results show that, for aerodynamic properties, both of terminal velocity and Reynold's Number of all studied crops increased linearly with the increase of seeds moisture content. While, drag coefficient decreased with the increase of terminal velocity. However, coefficient of friction was varied with seeds moisture content and type of friction surface. Also, it was increased with the increase of seeds moisture content. Meanwhile, stainless steel surface recorded the lowest values of friction coefficient whereas the rubber surface recorded the highest values. Also, the angle of repose increased with the increasing of moisture content. While, seed hardness decreased with the increase of moisture content. However, both of shear force and shear stress of soybean hulls and cotyledons were higher in the longitudinal direction as compared with the lateral direction.
Mathematical relationships were also developed for the different studied crops to relate the change in seeds moisture content with the obtained values of all aero-dynamics and mechanical properties.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-368534620090601PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME OIL PRODUCING CROPS4213423319988510.21608/jssae.2009.199885ENA.M. MatoukDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.S.M. Abd El-latifDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.A. TharwatDept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ.Journal Article20080617Physical properties such as principal dimensions and it’s related characteristics, mass of 1000 seeds, projection area, bulk and true density and porosity for three different oil producing crops (sunflower, soybean and canola) were determined at five different levels of seeds moisture content. The obtained results showed that, the principal dimensions and it’s related characteristics such as geometric and arithmetic mean diameter, actual and calculated volumes, shape index (K), surface area (As), surrounded surface area (Ass), coefficient of contact surface (C.C.), the aspect ratios, mass of 1000 seeds, seeds porosity and seeds projection area of sunflower seeds and kernels, soybean and canola seeds generally increased linearly with the increasing of seeds moisture content, on the other hand, the shape index (K), coefficient of contact surface and the aspect ratios of sunflower kernels decreased linearly with the increasing of seeds moisture content. But, sphericity of sunflower and soybean seeds and the bulk and true densities for all studied crops decreased with the increasing of seeds moisture content.
Mathematical relationships were also developed for the different studied crops to relate the obtained values of all physical properties with the change in seeds moisture content.