Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WATER QUALITIES ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PLANT GROWTH UNDER NATURAL CONDITION195509410.21608/jssae.2011.55094ENE.S.E. Abd-ElhadySoils and Water Dept., Agric. Faculty, Al-Azhar University.K. M. Al-AshriSoils and Water Dept., Agric. Faculty, Al-Azhar University.A. M. A. MashourSoils and Water Dept., Agric. Faculty, Al-Azhar University.Journal Article20101222A pot experiments were conducted at the farm of Faculty of Agric. Al-Azhar University, NasrCity, Cairo, Egypt to study the effect of irrigation by water differed in their qualities (EC, SAR and RSC parameters) on soil characteristics (both physical and chemical) and plant growth. The concentrations of the above three parameter were prepared by making a series of dilutions of QarunLake water samples. Where these concentrations were 1, 2, 3, and 4 dS m<sup>-1 </sup>for EC, 6, 12, 18 and 24 meq l<sup>-1</sup> for SAR and 1, 1.75, 2.5 and 3.25 for RSC. Some winter crops, wheat (<em>Triticum asitivum</em>), broad bean (<em>Vicia faba</em>) and Kidney bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>)) and summer crops, coriander (<em>Coriandrum saivum</em>), sunflower (<em>Helianthus annus</em>) and sesame (<em>Sesamum indicum</em>)) were selected as indicator plants.
<strong>The results</strong><strong> could be summarized as follows:- </strong>
The low quality of irrigation water had a significant hazard effect on the plant growth. This was true for all parameters (EC, SAR and RSC). Where, a significant decrease in the growth of all crops (winter and summer) was observed by increasing the levels of irrigation water parameters.
The increase in the concentrations of water parameters (EC, SAR and RSC) led to an increase in EC, pH and the concentration of soluble ions (both anions and cations), exception was found in case of soluble K, where there is no effect of water quality on the K concentration. The effect of water parameters can be arranged in the following order; SAR > EC > RSC. This was true for all crops.
The increase of irrigation water salinity (EC) gave a marked increase in E %, HC and MWD. On the other hand, the increase of irrigation water sodicity (SAR and RSC) gave a marked decrease for E %, HC and MWD. Exception was found in a low level RSC where a slight increase of total porosity (E %) was obtained.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101GIS BASED LAND EVALUATION IN BAHARYIA OASIS, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT11245511110.21608/jssae.2011.55111ENA.B.A. BelalNational Authority for Remote Sensing and Spaces Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt.K. M. A. Al-AshriSoils and Water Dep., Agric. Faculty, Al-Azhar University. Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20101225Sustainable agriculture is the main goal of land evaluation. The current study deals with land evaluation of El-Bahariya Oasis, located in western desert of Egypt. The Agricultural Land Evaluation System for arid and semi-arid Regions (ALES) software, was used to evaluate the capability and suitability for some selected fruit trees (date palm, fig, olive and citrus), vegetable crops (watermelon, tomato, potato) and field crops (wheat, maize, barely, alfalfa). This software was adapted under Egyptian conditions. Therefore, ASLE software was selected in order to make strategies related to land capability and suitability evaluation at a regional level. Soil morphological and analytical data were carried out for 20 soil profiles. Land<br /> capability classes range from Fair (C3) to Non Agriculture area (C6). On the other hand, land suitability for selected fruit trees show that the date palm, Fig and Olive were high (S1) to suitable (S2) in most soils. On the contrary, citrus was permanently none suitable in these soils. The selected vegetable crops range from highly suitable to permanently none suitable. Selected field crops range from suitable (S2) to permanently none suitable (N2). Overall capability and suitability are recognized by the ALES software in preference to interpolation by IDW in ArcGIS to produce the maps. In this paper, the main recognized soil limitation factors were texture, soil salinity and calcium carbonate content.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101WATER RELATIONS AND YIELD OF WHEAT UNDER DIFFERENT N- FERTILIZER FORMS AND SCHEDULING IRRIGATION25415509210.21608/jssae.2011.55092ENS. M. M. AbdouSoils and Water and Environment Res. Inst., A.R.C., Giza, EgyptF. R. M. FarragSoils and Water and Environment Res. Inst., A.R.C., Giza, EgyptM. F. I. El-AkramSoils and Water and Environment Res. Inst., A.R.C., Giza, EgyptM. R. K. AshrySoils and Water and Environment Res. Inst., A.R.C., Giza, EgyptJournal Article20110101Field experiment was conducted at Tamia Agric., Res., Station, Fayoum, Egypt during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons to study the effect of N- fertilizer forms, i.e. F<sub>1</sub>: organic form as chicken manure at the rate of 20m<sup>3</sup>fed<sup>-1</sup>, F<sub>2</sub>: bio-fertilizer (biogena)+37.5 kg mineral N as ammonium nitrate 33.0% N and F<sub>3</sub>: mineral N fertilizer at the rate of 75 kg N fed<sup>-1</sup> (as ammonium nitrate 33.0% N) and scheduling irrigation treatments, i.e. I<sub>1</sub>: irrigation at 0.8 cumulative pan evaporation (C.P.E.), I<sub>2</sub>: irrigation at 1.0 and I<sub>3</sub>: irrigation at 1.2 C.P.E. on yield, yield components and some water relations of wheat crop (Giza 168 cv.). A split-plot design with four replicates was used since N- fertilizer forms were represented in the main plots while scheduling irrigation treatments were occupied the split ones.
<strong>The main obtained results were as follows:</strong>
1- Using mineral N form and irrigation at 1.2 C.P.E. gave the highest averages of spike numbers m<sup>-2</sup>, 1000-grain weight, grain yield fed<sup>-1</sup>. (2149.28 and 2271.50 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>) and straw yield (2619.60 and 2775.85 kg fed<sup>-1</sup>) in the two successive seasons, but plant height was affected significantly in the second season only. The lowest averages of yield and its components were obtained from using organic fertilizer(chicken manure) form and irrigation at 0.8 C.P.E. in both seasons.
2- Seasonal consumptive use (ET<sub>C</sub>) averaged 39.23 and 41.83 cm in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, respectively. The highest ET<sub>C</sub> values, i.e. 44.12 and 46.36 cm were recorded with the interaction (F<sub>3</sub>I<sub>3</sub>), whereas the lowest values as 35.65 and 38.72 cm resulted from the interaction (F<sub>1</sub>I<sub>1</sub>), in 2008/2009 and 2009 /2010, respectively,
3- Daily ET<sub>C</sub> rates were low during Nov. and Dec., then increased during Jan. and Feb., to reach its maximum values during March and then declined again at April till harvesting. The values of daily ET<sub>C</sub> decreased due to organic or bio-fertilizer forms in the two growing season's months. The crop coefficient (K<sub>C</sub>) values (averages of the two seasons) were 0.53, 0.61, 0.70, 0.79, 0.93, 0.61 and 0.52 for, Nov., Dec., Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr. and May, respectively.
4- The highest water use efficiency, i.e. 1.27 and 1.29 kg grain m<sup>-3</sup> water consumed were obtained from the interaction of (F<sub>3</sub>I<sub>3</sub>) in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, respectively.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101ROLE OF BIO AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON SUSTAINING NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR RICE PRODUCTION43575509510.21608/jssae.2011.55095ENAzza R. AhmedSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptM. A. BayoumiSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptH.M. KhalilSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptM.S. AwaadSoils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20110103A field experiment was performed on a clay soil at Bahtim Agriculture Research Station during season 2009 to evaluate the effective role of bio (blue green algae, BGA), organic manure (farmyard, FYM) in combination with two N-mineral sources, urea (46 % N) and urea-formaldehyde (40 % N) at different rates (0, 30, 45 and 75 kg N/fed) on rice growth parameters, yield and N-use efficiency as well as some soil properties.
The obtained results revealed that the greatest values of the studied growth parameters, i.e., plant height, number of tillers/m<sup>2</sup> as well as 1000 grain weight, straw and grain yields (biological yield) were achieved at the highest N-rate of urea-formaldehyde combined with BGA. Nitrogen use efficiency was affected by the applied different treatments; however, the total N-uptake was higher with urea-formaldehyde at the rate of 75 N kg /fed, as compared to urea, combined with either BGA or FYM. This was true, since urea-formaldehyde is characterized by N-slow release during the growth stages of rice crop. Also, total N-uptake was more pronounced with the applied recommended dose of urea-formaldehyde (90 kg N/fed) as compared to urea.
Moreover, application of the combined treatment of urea-formaldehyde + FYM resulted in the greatest soil organic matter content, total nitrogen and available nitrogen as compared to the other applied treatments, contrary the reverse trend was true for soil pH. Concerning the water stable aggregates, soil aggregate size distribution was more affected by the applied different treatments. However, soil aggregation exhibited an improvement towards the application of urea-formaldehyde or urea combined with FYM.
So, the application of natural bio and organic manures, i.e., blue green<em> algae </em>or local organic farmyard manure with urea formaldehyde are considered the best option not only for maximizing rice grain yield, its quality and reducing the harmful effects of using nitrogenous chemical fertilizers, but also for sustaining soil fertility status. Moreover, the application of bio-organic manures leads to rationalize use of N-mineral fertilizer for the growing crop, which is surplus point for sustainable agriculture system, as well as represents a solving for the problems of chemical residues in the export market commodities.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101IMPACT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ON MAIZE (Zea mays) YIELD, SOME WATER RELATIONS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER LOSSES IN THE NORTH MIDDLE NILE DELTA.59705510210.21608/jssae.2011.55102ENE. A. MoursiSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute Agric. Res. CenterA.A.S. GendySoils, Water and Environment Research Institute Agric. Res. CenterM.M. KassabSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute Agric. Res. CenterJournal Article20110107A field trail was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, during the two successive growing seasons 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of number of irrigations on maize yield, its components and some water relationships. Moreover, to investigate the effect of irrigation treatments on nitrogen fertilizer losses such as NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub> and NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> in drainage water. The experimental design was randamized complete block with three replicates. The irrigation treatments were randomly assigned as main treatments which are, 1- Iirrigation as local farmers irrigating, their fields in the studied area (traditional, or control treatment A), 2-Withholding one irrigation through the growing season (treatment, B), 3-Withholding two irrigations through the growing season (treatment, C) and 4- Withholding three irrigations through the growing season (treatment, D).
<strong>The obtained results can be summarized as follows :-</strong>
♦ The highest values of water applied and water consumptive use were recorded under control treatment (irrigation without any stress during the growing season, treatment, A).On the contrary, the lowest values were recorded under treatment, D (skipping three irrigations during the growing season).
♦ The mean values of both water utilization and water use efficiencies were increased under stressed plants comparing with control treatment,A. The highest mean values were recorded under treatment,D but the lowest mean values were recorded under control treatment,A (traditional irrigation).
♦ The mean values for yield and its components of maize were decreased under water stressed treatments B,C and D compared with the non-stressed one (traditional irrigation). The mean values for all studied parameters can be decreased in order A › B › C › D.
♦ Data also showed that the differences between A and B treatments was extremely slight for all studied parameters. So, the researchers might be recommended to skipping one irrigation during the growing season instead of the traditional irrigation, without any loss of yield.
♦ The losses for both NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub> and NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> was increased under control treatment comparing with other stress irrigation treatments B,C, and D which exposed to different stress treatments during the two growing seasons. Also, data showed that the losses of NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> ion was higher than NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub> losses. Increasing losses of NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub> and NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> due to application of fertilizers as one dose, so, application of fertilizers should be splitted into several doses.
♦ According to rate of water table drawdown in the two growing seasons, the rate was decreased with increasing time following irrigation event. The highest value of water table drawdown was found after one day from irrigation. On the other hand, the lowest value was found before the next irrigation. The highest values of discharge rate were found in the first day after irrigation, while the lowest values were found before the next irrigation.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101RATIONALIZATION OF IRRIGATION WATER AND NITROGEN FERTILIZERS FOR WHEAT BY USING MICROBIAL INOCULANTS UNDER TWO SURFACE IRRIGATION METHODS71825510310.21608/jssae.2011.55103ENM.M. KassabSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterA.A. MehesenSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterE.A. MoursiSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterM.M.I. NassrSoils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Res. CenterJournal Article20110109Two field experiments were carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, North Middle Nile Delta region during the two successive winter growing seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. The main objective of the study was to decrease the amount of nitrogenous fertilizers by using the fixed nitrogen bacteria and microbial inoculants and their effects on wheat productivity under two surface irrigation methods. Also, this work aims at comparing the two surface irrigation methods for wheat irrigation, identification the best irrigation method for both wheat and rationalization water consumption and studying some water relations. The experimental design was split plot with four replicates. The main treatments were irrigation methods, A<sub>1</sub> basin irrigation and A<sub>2</sub> corrugation while the submain treatments were fertilization and application of microbial inoculants; B<sub>1</sub> mineral nitrogen, B<sub>2</sub> raise the available nitrogen in the soil till the recommended dose, B<sub>3</sub> 50 unit of nitrogen + Azospirillum inoculation and B<sub>4</sub> 50 unit of nitrogen + Azospirilluminoculation + Humates incorporated by micronutrients.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1. The values of applied irrigation water were increased under basin irrigation method (A<sub>1</sub>) comparing with corrugation one (A<sub>2</sub>). Data also showed that the values of applied irrigation water were not affected by fertilization treatments.
2. The highest values of water consumptive use were recorded under basin irrigation method (A<sub>1</sub>) in the two growing seasons comparing with the corrugation one (A<sub>2</sub>). Concerning with fertilization effect data indicated that the highest value was recorded under B<sub>4</sub> treatment. Also, data illustrated that the highest mean values were recorded under A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>4</sub> and A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4 </sub>in the two seasons.
3. The highest mean values of both water utilization efficiency (W.ut.E) and water use efficiency (W.U.E.) were recorded under corrugation irrigation method (A<sub>2</sub>) comparing with basin irrigation one (A<sub>1</sub>) and the highest values were recorded under A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>4</sub>and A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4 </sub>in the two seasons.
4. The mean values for wheat grain yield were increased under basin irrigation (A<sub>1</sub>) comparing with corrugation one (A<sub>2</sub>). For the effect of fertilization on wheat grain yield the best treatment was B<sub>4</sub>.
5. The mean values for straw yield, biological yield, harvest index and 1000-grain weight were increased under local surface irrigation method (A<sub>1</sub>) comparing with corrugation one (A<sub>2</sub>) in the two seasons. Data also showed that the above mentioned studied parameters were increased under B<sub>4</sub> fertilization treatment in the two seasons and the mean values can be descended in order B<sub>4</sub> > B<sub>3</sub> > B<sub>2</sub> > B<sub>1</sub>.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101EFFECT OF IRRIGATION LEVELS AND CULTIVATION METHODS ON YIELD AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY Of RICE83945510510.21608/jssae.2011.55105ENA.A. TahaSoils Dept., Fac. Agric., Mans. Univ., EgyptM.A.M. IbrahimSoils, Water and Environment, Res. Inst. (SWERI), A.R.C., EgyptG. LabeebSoils Dept., Fac. Agric., Mans. Univ., EgyptR. Kh. DarweshSoils, Water and Environment, Res. Inst. (SWERI), A.R.C., EgyptJournal Article20110113A field experiment was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, during the two successive growing seasons (2008 and 2009) to study the effect of watering level and planting method on yield and crop water productivity of two rice varieties, Giza 177 and Egyptian Hybrid 1.
Statistical design was split split plot; main plots were allocated to planting method (broadcasting and transplanting), while sub-plots were assigned to be rice varieties (Giza 177 and Egyptian Hybrid 1). Sub-sub plots were the watering levels; watering as traditional in the area (Trad.), 75% of traditional watering ( 0.75 Trad.) and watering according to Ibrahim equation,1981 (Ib. eq.).
<strong>The obtained results can be summarized as follows:</strong>
Watering level affected plant height, where watering according Ibrahim equation reduced plant height of rice plant by 5.02 % in the first season and by 6.97 % in the second one.
Decreasing watering level from traditional method to 0.75 of traditional method reduced grain yield by 49 Kg fed-1 in the first season and 33 Kg fed-1 in the second season ( in both seasons the difference is not significant ).
Decreasing watering level from traditional method to watering according Ibrahim equation reduced grain yield by 673.5 Kg fed-1 (14.55 % reduction) in the first season and by 630 fed-1 (13.91% reduction) in the second season ( in both seasons the difference is highly significant ).
Grain /Straw Ratio of variety treatment means were 0.700 for Giza 177 and 0.980 for Egyptian hybrid 1 in the first season and the corresponding values of the second season were 0.770 and 0.952 . Grain /Straw Ratio of Egyptian hybrid 1 was decreased with decreasing watering level under the study .
The means of 1000 grain weight of Giza 177 were 25.68 and 25.82 gm in the first and second season, respectively. The means of 1000 grain weight of Egyptian hybrid 1 were 24.45 and 24.88 gm in the first and second season, respectively.
watering according to 0.75 of traditional + Giza 177 assigned 3.310 gm rice grain panicle-1 compared with 3.055 and 2.685 gm panicle-1 for watering as traditional + Giza177 and watering according Ibrahim equation + Giza177 treatments, respectively. The same means for the same treatments in the second season were 3.275 gm panicle-1 compared with 2.865 and 2.890 gm panicle-1, respectively.
In the first season watering according to traditional + Egyptian hybrid 1 assigned 4.385 gm rice grain panicle-1 compared with 4.025 and 3.600 gm panicle-1 for watering as 0.75 of traditional + Egyptian hybrid 1 and watering according Ibrahim equation + Egyptian hybrid 1 treatments, respectively. The same means for the same treatments in the second season were 4.540 gm panicle-1 compared with 4.165 and 3.595 gm panicle-1, respectively.
The lower Crop water productivity values ( 0.747 and 0.718 kg m-3 ) were assigned with Giza 177 and the higher values (0.895 and 0.852 kg m-3) were assigned with the latest one ( Egyptian hybrid 1).
Crop water productivity of traditional watering, 0.75 of traditional watering and watering according to Ibrahim equation treatment means were 0.705, 0.850 and 0.908 kg m-3 in the first season . Similar values for the same treatments in the same order in the second season were 0.703, 0.833 and 0820 kg m-3 .Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SCHEME AND P-FERTILIZATION RATE ON GROWTH, YIELD, YIELD QUALITY, P- USE EFFICIENCY AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR BERSEEM CLOVER GROWN ON MIDDLE DELTA SOIL951085510010.21608/jssae.2011.55100ENShadia M. ShahwanForage Crops Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt.M.M. EwisSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt.Z. M. MarieForage Crops Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt.H. H. Abdel-MaksoudSoil, Water and Environment Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20110116A field trial was carried out in the experimental farm of Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station (Middle Nile Delta) during two successive 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons. The objective of such trials is to find out the extent to which irrigation scheme( Farmer and bed- furrow irrigation schemes) and P-fertilization rate( 15, 30 and 45 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/fed.) influenced growth, yield, yield quality, P- use efficiency and water productivity for berseem clover var. Gemmeiza1.The treatments were arranged in split – plot experimental design with three replicates.
<strong>The most important findings could be as follows:-</strong>
1- Plant height values, at the different cuttings and total, in the two seasons of study, significantly reduced under bed-furrow irrigation, as compared with the farmer one. In general, leaves number/stem averages were higher, up to the third cutting in 1<sup>st</sup> season and up to second cutting in 2<sup>nd</sup> season, under bed- furrow irrigation, more than the farmer irrigation practice. N<sup>o</sup> of leaves/stem criterion tended to increase with bed –furrow irrigation practice. Plant height and N<sup>o</sup> of leaves/stem traits tended to increase as P- rate increased.
2- Fresh and dry berseem clover yields( at different cuttings and total) seemed to increase due to farmer irrigation scheme as compared with bed –furrow irrigation one, in both seasons of study. In addition, increasing P-rate resulted in increased values of both total fresh and dry berseem clover yields.
3- leaves/stem ratio(L/S) under bed-furrow irrigation scheme surpassed that under the farmer irrigation one, on dry weight basis. Data also revealed that increasing P-rate tended to improve L/S ratio either on fresh or dry weight basis. Crude protein and crud fiber yields tended to reduce under bed- furrow irrigation ,while increasing P-rate resulted in higher crude protein and crud fiber yields.
4-The seasonal applied water under bed-furrow irrigation scheme were reduced by 19.78 and 21.14%, in 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> seasons, comparable with farmer one, respectively. Moreover, bed-furrow irrigation scheme resulted in higher water productivity values on total fresh and dry berseem clover yields basis. The calculated P- Use Efficiency values were reduced under bed-furrow irrigation as compared with the farmer irrigation one. Such reduction is mainly attributed to the reduction in total fresh and dry yields under the former irrigation practice. Increasing P rate tended to enhance water productivity for berseem clover on total fresh and dry yields basis.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering2090-36852120110101EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOLE DRAINS COMPOSITION ON SOME CLAY SOIL PROPERTIES AND WHEAT YIELD1091205510710.21608/jssae.2011.55107ENM. A. El-AdlAgric. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agric., Al-Mansoura University.Journal Article20110120The effects of different types of mole drains on some clay soil properties and wheat yield were tested in this study. The experimental studies were conducted in heavy clay soil. Moles were composed of 3 different materials; compost, sand and mixture of compost with sand (1:1). Two depths of moles (0.3 and 0.5 m) and three distances among moles (10, 15 and 20 m) were investigated in this work.
<strong>The results indicated that:</strong>
- The Piezometric head increases as the distance among moles increases and vice versa. At each mole spacing, the Piezometric head decreases as the time advances after irrigations. However, the 10 m mole spacing achieved the best significant results over the 15 and 20 m spacing.
- The highest yield (2737 kg/fed) was obtained by using compost, 10 m distance among moles and 0.5 m moles' depth.
- Decreasing distance among moles, increases yield, penetration resistance (PR), hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and infiltration rate.
- Increasing mole depth, increases yield, (Kh) and infiltration rate while decreases (PR).